Unit 2-Cogniton Pt.2

cocktail party effect

Your ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many as you chat with a party guest

inattentional blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Change blindness

failing to notice changes in an environment

perceptual set

A set of mental tendencies and assumptions that gratefully affect what we perceive

Gestalt

An organized whole. Our tendency to take pieces of information and put it into meaningful holes

figure ground

The organization of the visual fields into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Visual cliff

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants

Binocular cues

Depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes

Convergence

A queue to nearby objects distance enabled by the brain, combining retinal images

retinal disparity

The difference between two Images, the greater the disparity the closer the object is

monocular cues

Depth cues that are available to each eye separately

interposition

If one object particularly blocks or view of another, we perceive it as closer

relative clarity

Because more light passes through objects that are further away, we perceive these images as blurry or unclear

Stroboscopic movement

an illusion of continuous movement experienced when viewing a rapid series of slightly varying still objects

phi phenomenon

An illusion of movement when two adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

auto kinetic effect

The illusionary movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

perceptual adaptation

The ability to adjust to changes sensory input

metacognition

cognition about our cognition, keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

prototype

A mental image or best example of a category

ex: Thinking of a crow when hearing the word bird, not a penguin

schema

A concept or framework that organizes an interprets information

assimulation

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

accommodation

Adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

convergent thinking

Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the best solution

divergent thinking

Expanding the number of possible problem situations

functional fixedness

When our prior experiences Inhibit our ability to find creative Solutions

executive functions

Cognitive skills that work together enabling us to generate, organize, plan, and Implement goal directed behavior

algorithm

A methodical logical rule or procedure that generates solving a particular problem

heuristic

A simple thinking strategy- A mental shortcut that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

insight

A sudden realization of a problems solution

confirmation bias

Tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence

mental set

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past

Representativeness heuristic

To judge the likelihood of something by intuitively Comparing it to a particular prototype

belief preservation

The persistence of one’s initial conceptions, even after the bias on which they are formed has been discredited

framing

The way an issue is posed