Unit 9 – The Industrial Revolution of Europe

Agricultural Revolution

The period of transition from hand production methods to machines and the use of steam power.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Why was England successful?

England had resources such as coal, iron, and a system of banking that supported its industrial growth.

Factors of production

The resources needed for the production of goods and services, including land, labor, and capital.

What are technological advances

Innovations that increase efficiency and productivity in manufacturing.

What characterizes a manufacturing district?

Regions that are characterized by a high concentration of manufacturing activity.

Improvements in Transportation

Advancements such as railways and steamships that facilitated the movement of goods and people.

Demographic change

Shifts in the population's distribution from rural areas to urban centers.

Urbanization

The process by which cities grow and populations shift from rural to urban areas.

Living conditions in cities for the poor

Often characterized by overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing.

Working conditions for the poor

Typically long hours, low pay, and unsafe environments in factories.

Class tensions

Conflicts between different socio-economic groups due to inequities.

Gender Roles & Family Life

Expectations and responsibilities assigned to individuals based on their gender, affecting family structure.

Effects of Industrialization

Changes in society including urban growth, economic developments, and social challenges.

Rise of Corporations

The emergence of large business entities that dominate an industry.

Industrialization in Continental Europe

The spread of industrial practices and manufacturing outside of England to other European nations.

The Impact of Industrialization

Significant changes to society, economy, and politics as a result of industrial growth.

Shifted balance of power

Changes in political and economic power dynamics as a result of industrial advancements.

Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

Capitalism

An economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory stating that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, often defined as that which produces the greatest well-being.

Socialism

An economic system where the means of production are owned and regulated by the community as a whole.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers who come together to achieve common interests, such as better wages and working conditions.

Collective bargaining

The process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements.

Strikes

Work stoppages initiated by employees as a form of protest against employers.

Government view of unions

Often hesitant or antagonistic, viewing unions as a challenge to authority.

Reform Spreads to other areas

The influence of industrial and social reforms on broader aspects of society.