Unit 9 – The Industrial Revolution of Europe

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Agricultural Revolution

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28 Terms

1

Agricultural Revolution

The period of transition from hand production methods to machines and the use of steam power.

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2

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

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3

Why was England successful?

England had resources such as coal, iron, and a system of banking that supported its industrial growth.

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4

Factors of production

The resources needed for the production of goods and services, including land, labor, and capital.

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5

What are technological advances

Innovations that increase efficiency and productivity in manufacturing.

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6

What characterizes a manufacturing district?

Regions that are characterized by a high concentration of manufacturing activity.

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7

Improvements in Transportation

Advancements such as railways and steamships that facilitated the movement of goods and people.

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8

Demographic change

Shifts in the population's distribution from rural areas to urban centers.

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9

Urbanization

The process by which cities grow and populations shift from rural to urban areas.

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10

Living conditions in cities for the poor

Often characterized by overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing.

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11

Working conditions for the poor

Typically long hours, low pay, and unsafe environments in factories.

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12

Class tensions

Conflicts between different socio-economic groups due to inequities.

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13

Gender Roles & Family Life

Expectations and responsibilities assigned to individuals based on their gender, affecting family structure.

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14

Effects of Industrialization

Changes in society including urban growth, economic developments, and social challenges.

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15

Rise of Corporations

The emergence of large business entities that dominate an industry.

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16

Industrialization in Continental Europe

The spread of industrial practices and manufacturing outside of England to other European nations.

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17

The Impact of Industrialization

Significant changes to society, economy, and politics as a result of industrial growth.

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18

Shifted balance of power

Changes in political and economic power dynamics as a result of industrial advancements.

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19

Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.

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20

Capitalism

An economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

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21

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory stating that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, often defined as that which produces the greatest well-being.

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22

Socialism

An economic system where the means of production are owned and regulated by the community as a whole.

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23

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless system in which the means of production are owned communally.

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24

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers who come together to achieve common interests, such as better wages and working conditions.

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25

Collective bargaining

The process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements.

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26

Strikes

Work stoppages initiated by employees as a form of protest against employers.

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27

Government view of unions

Often hesitant or antagonistic, viewing unions as a challenge to authority.

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28

Reform Spreads to other areas

The influence of industrial and social reforms on broader aspects of society.

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