Biology Exam 3 Review

Flashcards for vocabulary and key concepts based on the Biology Exam 3 lecture notes.

Producers

Organisms that make their own food and sustain the food chain.

Micro producers

Small producers like algae and cyanobacteria that are primarily aquatic.

Macro producers

Larger producers such as plants, mainly terrestrial.

Photoautotroph

An organism that uses sunlight energy to make organic compounds.

Chemoautotroph

An organism that uses chemical energy to make organic compounds.

Phytoplankton

Plant-like drifters found along water surfaces.

Red tide

A bloom of dinoflagellates that produces toxins.

Diatoms

Phytoplankton with a glass-like shell.

Dinoflagellates

Phytoplankton with flagella that produce toxins and have a characteristic red surf.

Algal symbiosis

Mutualistic relationships between algae and other organisms, such as coral and fungi (lichens).

Algae blooms

Rapid increases in algae that can lead to dead zones due to oxygen depletion.

Dead zones

Areas in water bodies where oxygen levels are depleted, often caused by decomposition of algae.

Mosses

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) that require moisture for reproduction and do not have true leaves, stems, or roots.

Ferns

Seedless vascular plants requiring moisture for reproduction.

Gymnosperms

Seed-producing plants like conifers that produce seeds and pollen carried by wind.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds and pollen carried by animals, resulting in fruit development.

Peat

Partially decayed moss often used for fuel and its unique preservation properties.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals.

Phloem

Food conducting tissue in plants.

Meristems

Regions of active cellular growth and differentiation in plants.

Alternation of generations

The life cycle of plants featuring both haploid and diploid generations.

Root modifications

Adaptations such as storage (e.g., sweet potatoes) and structures for stability (e.g., buttress roots).

Stem modifications

Adaptations such as storage (e.g., potatoes) and structures for asexual reproduction (e.g., runners).

Leaf modifications

Storage (bulbs like onions), grasping (tendrils), protection (spines on cacti) 

Bud

Growth points in plants, including apical and axillary buds that produce new growth.

Primary growth

Growth in length of plants driven by apical meristems.

Secondary growth

Growth in thickness of plants driven by lateral meristems, including vascular and cork cambium.

Parasitic plants

Plants that siphon nutrients from other plants or fungi.

Carnivorous plants

Plants that capture insects to supplement mineral needs in poor soils.

Crop rotation

Alternating different crops in a plot to maintain soil health and nutrient levels.

Detritivore

Organisms that feed on decayed material, such as earthworms.

Filter feeder

Organisms that consume dissolved organic matter found in water.

Porifera

The phylum including sponges, characterized by asymmetry and lack of true tissues.

Cnidaria

The phylum including jellyfish and corals, characterized by tissue organization and a nerve net.

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms that are bilaterally symmetrical, including flukes and tapeworms.

Nematodes

Roundworms with a complete circulatory system, some of which are parasitic.

Molluscs

Invertebrates with shells, including snails and clams, most being aquatic.

Annelids

Segmented worms including leeches and earthworms.

Arthropods

Invertebrates with jointed appendages and exoskeletons, including insects and crustaceans.

Bilateral symmetry

A body plan with left and right mirror images.

Radial symmetry

A body plan organized around a central axis.

Body cavity

A space that compartmentalizes organs and allows specialization and independent movement.

Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish including sharks and rays, often with internal fertilization.

Osteichthyians

Bony fish that are typically oviparous with swim bladders.

Amphibians

Animals with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults, characterized by gelatinous eggs.

Reptiles

Amniotic animals with three-chambered hearts, leathery-shelled eggs.

Birds

Endothermic reptiles with feathers and hard-shelled eggs.

Mammals

Endothermic animals with hair, producing milk for young and providing extensive care.

Oviparous

Organisms that lay eggs outside the body.

Ovoviviparous

Organisms whose eggs hatch inside the body.

Viviparous

Organisms that give live birth.

Amniote

An organism whose embryo is contained in a protective, fluid-filled sac.

Endotherm

An organism that regulates its body temperature internally.

Ectotherm

An organism that relies on environmental sources to regulate body temperature.

Thick and thin albumin

A nutrientous source

yolk

A nutritional source

Allantois

Waste disposal

Air sac

Gas exchange

Shell

Protection

Amnin

Regulates temperature and cushions the embryo

Germinal disc

It fertilized it develops the embryo and its accessory structures

Chalaza

Anchors the yolk

Chorion

Becomes the placenta in mammals