Modern History - yr 11 revision

Autobiography

a work of nonfiction written by an individual about their life

Biography

a work of nonfiction written about the life of another individual

Cultural History

a field of history that focuses on the way people have thought about and expressed their experiences

Ethnohistory

a branch of cultural history that considers beliefs

History from below

a way of seeing history from the experiences of ordinary people

Methodology

the procedures or methods taken to carry out a historical investigation

Dissidents

people who challenge government authorities

The Nuremberg Laws 1935

German Jews were stripped of their citizenship; relations between Jews and non-Jews were forbidden; Jews cannot employ non-Jews

Kristallnacht date

9 November 1938

Kristallnacht events

30 000 Jews killed; 1000 synagogues burned; Nazis targeted Jewish-owned stores; propaganda outside synagogues; family members taken away

Outline the events of Kristallnacht

On the 9th of November 1938 the persecution of Jewish people intensified with a series of coordinated attacks by the Nazi Party on Jewish-owned stores homes and synagogues

What was the final solution

plan orchestrated by the Nazi regime of Germany during World War II for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews

Describe the thoughts of the intentionalists and functionalists

Intentionalists argue Hitler planned the genocide from the start; functionalists argue it evolved from wartime circumstances

What measures against Jews did Nazis embark upon

Persecution economic exclusion segregation into ghettos and mass murder

Impact of war on the final solution

Expanded persecution and murder beyond Germany’s borders

How did Nazis respond to Jews after invading Poland

Mass arrests economic stripping segregation from Polish society murder of thousands relocation and ghettos

Why was the Madagascar solution ominous

Madagascar could not support millions meaning death was inevitable

When did systematic murder begin

The invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22 1941 (Operation Barbarossa)

What did the Einsatzgruppen do in 1941

Systematically shot Jews into mass graves

Role of Odilo Globocnik

Created idea of gas chambers bringing victims to murderers

What did Walter Rauff’s team investigate

Mobile gassing units using exhaust diverted into vans

When was Zyklon B first used

September 3 1941 on Soviet prisoners of war at Auschwitz

Where and when was the final solution discussed

Wannsee suburb of Berlin on January 20 1942

Sequence of events after Wannsee

Months of research approval from Goering and Hitler construction of death camps deportations from March 1942 Jews from occupied Europe brought to camps

How does this source offer evidence of the final solution

It gives a detailed review of events and actions leading to the final solution with credible historian Dr David Silberklang providing factual evidence

Wannsee Conference significance

High-ranking Nazis and state agencies were present showing systematic planning with Hitler authorising rail use and being aware of the meeting

Evidence of Hitler’s direct responsibility

Personal statements recollections diaries wartime documents and written authorisation of euthanasia program despite public backlash

What is nationalism?

Pride and love of one’s country and advocacy of independence.

What is imperialism?

Extending power of a nation by acquiring territory from others.

What form did nationalism take in early 20th century Europe?

Patriotism and belief that one’s nation was superior.

In what European region was nationalism particularly evident?

The Balkans.

Why were the people of Bosnia-Herzegovina particularly nationalistic?

Serbian nationalists wanted freedom from foreign rule to create a new Serbian nation.

What was the aim of the Schlieffen Plan?

To avoid a two-front war with France and Russia.

What was the key feature of the plan?

France had to be defeated quickly.

What did Von Schlieffen hope Britain and Russia would do?

Be reluctant to fight.

What was a problem with the plan?

No backup plan and based on assumptions.

How did Von Moltke modify the plan?

He redirected through Flanders instead of Holland.

Why did Moltke make this modification?

He thought Belgium would not resist.

What disadvantage did the German 1st Army face by Sept 3rd?

They were exhausted before meeting the enemy.

What ended the Schlieffen Plan?

The Battle of the Marne.

Why did WWI become a global conflict?

Alliances drew in nations and merged troops globally.

What role did Serbia play?

Sparked the conflict through nationalism and assassination ties.

Why was the Battle of the Marne a turning point?

It stopped Germany’s advance and led to trench warfare.

How did the trench system develop?

Armies dug in for protection and extended lines in the ‘race to the sea’.

Who were offensive and defensive forces? (Ypres)

Germany was offensive + France/Algeria defensive.

What new weapon was used? (Ypres)

Poison gas.

What was the outcome? (Ypres)

Germans gained ground but Ypres was destroyed.

Why Verdun?

Germans hoped to break French morale.

Who commanded each side?

General Falkenhayn (Germany) and General Petain (France).

What happened in the initial stages?

Massive German bombardment.

What new weapons were used?

Flamethrowers and gas.

What was the purpose? (Verdun)

Break German lines and relieve Verdun.

What preceded “going over the top”?

A week-long bombardment.

Why was General Haig criticised?

Massive casualties with little gain.

What was “live and let live”?

Soldiers informally avoided conflict between battles.

Why did it disappear?

Raiding became compulsory and hatred grew.

What role did women play?

Worked in factories making munitions.

What was the purpose?

Break German lines in Belgium and relieve pressure on France.

What was the outcome? (Passchendaele)

High casualties + little strategic success + muddy disastrous conditions.

What was the expectation in 1914?

War would be over by Christmas.

How did this affect recruitment?

Young men rushed to enlist to avoid missing out.

Who profited from the war?

Industrialists supplying armies.

How was the economy affected?

Entire industries mobilised for war.

How was the population affected?

Government control and conscription.

How were women affected?

Worked in war industries + gained respect + contributed to gaining the vote.

What political situation existed in Cuba under US influence?

Military dictatorship through coups with limited autonomy for Cuba.

What social issues existed in Cuba under US influence?

Social needs were largely ignored.

What economic issues existed in Cuba under US influence?

Wealth was unevenly distributed and heavily favoured US interests.

What were Cuba's main agricultural products that brought wealth to colonisers?

Sugar and tobacco.

What were Cubans like José Martí fighting for in the nineteenth century?

Independence from Spanish colonial rule.

What factors from Castro's early adulthood indicate his socialist principles?

Opposition to right-wing governments and belief in revolutionary idealism.

Why did Batista institute an amnesty that saw Fidel and Raúl’s early release from prison?

To improve his image and underestimating the Castros as a threat.

What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A failed CIA-backed attempt by Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro in 1961.

Why did Castro ban Christmas?

To promote a secular socialist society and consolidate power.

When was Christmas reinstated as a holiday in Cuba?

1998 during Pope John Paul II’s visit.

What were Chartered Companies and what was their purpose?

Chartered Companies were trade organizations with wealthy financiers that had government charters to trade

Who was the first English slave trader?

John Hawkins

How did Africans experience forced labour in the transatlantic slave trade?

They were transported and often worked to death on sugar plantations.

How did Queen Elizabeth initially react to the slave trade?

She was initially against it but was swayed by profits and lent a royal ship to Hawkins.

What motivated many British people to invest in the slave trade?

The potential for high profit without paying for labour.

Why was profit in the slave trade almost guaranteed?

enslaved people were unpaid labour and the demand was high.

How many enslaved Africans died during transport in the Middle Passage?

est. 2 million.

What happened to enslaved Africans upon boarding the ship?

They were stripped of clothing and possessions

How did slavery exist before the transatlantic slave trade?

Arabs and Africans practiced slavery involving prisoners of war

Why was Cabo Verde strategically important?

It was Africa’s most western point linking Africa

How did the Portuguese use Cabo Verde?

They settled it

Why was the Caribbean considered a ‘super power’ during Portuguese exploration?

Its sugar industry required huge amounts of labour after the native population was wiped out.

What does Professor Antonio Correia mean by Cabo Verde being a ‘melting pot’?

Africans and Europeans interacted and formed a new culture known as the Atlantic World.

When did the Portuguese begin transporting enslaved Africans from Cabo Verde?

Around 1510.

What statistic did Elly Colly present?

For every 1 enslaved African taken to the Americas

Why was this statistic significant for Africa’s development?

It removed the strongest and youngest people

How were enslaved Africans categorised at the House of Slaves?

Young women

How were enslaved Africans treated by captors?

They endured brutal physical abuse

What other resources were exploited alongside the slave trade?

Gold

What did European attitudes toward Africans reveal?

They were viewed as second-class citizens or not human at all.

What happened to enslaved Africans after being purchased before boarding ships?

They were taken to fairs lasting weeks where they were sold.

Why is it difficult to know exactly how enslaved Africans were procured?

They often travelled long distances before being sold.

What was the author’s purpose in describing slave procurement?

To shift blame onto African traders and manipulate perspectives.

When did Britain abolish the slave trade?

25 March 1807.