39. Nutrition of pregnant and lactating women.

Why is proper nutrition important before and during pregnancy?

It affects the development of the placenta, implantation, critical periods, and future health of the infant.

How many extra calories are needed per day during pregnancy?

266–496 kcal/day above non-pregnant allowance.

How much protein is recommended during pregnancy?

Increase from 47g to 90g/day.

Recommended sources of protein during pregnancy?

Fat-free milk, lean meat, fish, cheese, eggs.

What is the daily requirement of Vitamin B6 during pregnancy?

1.9 mg/day

Why is Vitamin B12 important in pregnancy?

Assists folacin in red blood cell formation

How much Vitamin C is needed per day in pregnancy?

85 mg/day

Which minerals are essential during pregnancy?

• Calcium – for fetal bone and teeth development

• Phosphorus – supports energy metabolism and bone formation

• Magnesium – for muscle function, nerve signaling, and bone health

• Zinc – critical for cell growth, immune function, and DNA synthesis

What are good sources of zinc?

Red meat, legumes, shellfish.

What are good sources of zinc?

Red meat, legumes, shellfish.

How much milk does a lactating woman produce daily?

About 30 ounces (850 mL).

What is recommended for lactating women?

Increased fluids, calories, and nutrients; avoid alcohol and drugs.

Why avoid high-mercury fish like shark and mackerel?

Mercury affects fetal CNS development.

Why avoid foods high in trans fats during pregnancy?

They raise bad cholesterol, increase baby’s weight, and can complicate labour.

Why avoid raw eggs during pregnancy?

Risk of Salmonella, causing GI symptoms.

List 5 other foods to avoid during pregnancy.

• Alcohol

• Caffeine

• Raw fish

• Undercooked meat

• Unwashed produce/raw sprouts

Name 5 symptoms of food poisoning during pregnancy.

• Nausea

• Diarrhea

• Headache

• Abdominal pain

• Fever (also dehydration, bloody stool)