CNA Full Notes

What is Physical Therapy Used For?

Used to promote independence with supportive, assistive, and prosthetic devices

Early Exposure of HIV

• Brief flu-like illness about 2-4 weeks after

• Fever

• Swollen lymph nodes

• Sore throat

• A rash

• Any combination of those

HIV Taking Over Immune System

• recurrent infections

• Aggressive cancers

Standard Precautions

Treating everyone the same as if they are infected, because there is always a chance to come in contact with substances from others. Important to use PPE and gloves.

Atelectasis

The Alveoli collapsing

Pneumonia

Fluid fills the alveoli

Terminal Stages of HIV

Access to hospice services

Supportive Devices

Such as splints and braces, help to stabilize a weak joint or limb

Assistive Devices

Make certain tasks, such as transferring, walking, eating, or dressing easier. Walker, cane, etc

Prosthetic Devices

Are artificial replacements for legs, feet, arms, or other body parts

Occupational Therapy

Health care specialty that focuses on helping the person regain or maintain the skills needed for everyday life, ADLs.

Speech-Language Pathology

A health care specialty that focuses on helping the person regain or maintain the ability to dysphasia with others, and with dysphagia

Emotional Rehabilitation

Focuses on helping the person cope with emotions

Vocational Rehabilitation

Focuses on returning a person to gainful employment

CNA’s Role in Caring for People with Rehabilitation Needs

• Encourage practice in skills and techniques learned in therapy

• Explain how to use special equipment

• Observe and report

• Celebrate all success and abilities for person

• Allow person time to complete task

Congenital Developmental Disabilities

Something a child is born with

Acquired Developmental Disabilities

Occurring after birth, as a result of trauma or illness

Other Types of Rehabs

• Cardiovascular

• Wound Care

• Nervous System

• Endocrine System

Whats the Focus of Rehabilitation?

To get your body back to its highest level of physical, emotional, or economic function

Whats the Focus of Restorative Care?

Supporting the rehabilitation effort and helps the person reach the goal of achieving or maintaining their highest level of function

Moderate Intellectual Disability

Delays in both motor skills and speech development.

Trouble learning skills needed for socially appropriate behavior

Severe Intellectual Disability

Able to learn some communication, and basic self care skills. But sometimes they cant even learn to walk.

Profound Intellectual Disability

Minimal function in all developmental functions. They need complete assistance and supervision constantly.

Down Syndrome Physical Features

• Upward slanting eyelids

• A large tongue and a small mouth

• Small hands and short fingers

• A small, wide nose and small ears

• Short stature and a wide, short neck

Autism

Having trouble communicating with and relating to other people and surroundings

Cerebral Palsy

Damage to the cerebrum of the brain involved with motor control and affects ability to voluntarily move parts of the body

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Intellectual disabilities, behavioral problems, and learning difficulties

Mental Health

Absence of illness, a state of emotional balance by coping mechanisms to deal with and adjust to stress

Negative Coping Mechanisms

Less effective mechanisms that might provide short-term relief

Nail biting, smoking, pacing, abusing drugs or alcohol, and overeating or not eating enough

Defense Mechanisms

Methods of dealing with stress that “just happen”

Conversion

Means “to change”

Denial

Refusing to believe something that is true, especially if the truth is unpleasant

Displacement

Shifting an emotion from one person to another who is less threatening

Projection

Blaming someone else for your own uncomfortable, unacceptable actions or feelings

Rationalization

Making excuses or creating acceptable reasons for poor behaviors or actions

Regression

Means to turn back to a former or earlier state

Repression (Supression)

The refusal to remember or think about a frightening or painful memory

Anxiety Signs and Symptoms

• sleeplessness

• Restlessness

• Fatigue

• Changes in appetite

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Panic Disorder

Terrifying episodes or “panic attacks” during which they experience sudden increases in anxiety and feelings of intense fear.

Depeession

A feeling of excessive sadness or hopelessness

Bipolar Disorder

A mental health disorder that causes mood swings and may engage in impulsive or mania

Schizophrenia

A very disabling form of mental illness that have difficulty determining whats real and whats imaginary

Delusion

False ideas of imaginary

Hallucinations

Episodes where they see, feel, hear, smell, or taste something that does not really exist

CNA’s Role in Special Care Concerns

• listen

• Observe

• Report

• Promote independence

Tumor

Simply an abnormal growth of tissue

Benign Tumor

Made of abnormal cells that tend to stay together without spreading into surrounding tissues

Malignant Tumor

Made up of abnormal cells that do not function properly, divides cells and invades nearby healthy tissues

Metastasis

Cancer cells spreading from their original location in the body to a new location

Tumor Causes

• heredity

• Environment

• Lifestyle

• Age

Warning Signs of Cancer CAUTIONS

• Change in bowel or bladder habits

• A sore that does not heal

• Unusual bleeding or discharge

• Thickenings or lumps

• Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing

• Obvious change in a wart or mole

• Nagging or persistent cough or hoarseness

• Sudden unexplained weight loss

Causes of Cancer

• inheritance

• Environmental factors

• Lifestyle

• Age

Warning Signs of Cancer C

Change in bowel or bladder habits

Warning Signs of Cancer A

A sore that does not heal

Warning Signs of Cancer U

Unusual bleeding or discharge

Warning Signs of Cancer T

Thickenings or lumps

Warning Signs of Cancer I

Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing

Warning Signs of Cancer O

Obvious change in a wart or mole

Warning Signs of Cancer N

Nagging or persistent cough or hoarseness

Warning Signs of Cancer S

Sudden, unexplained weighted loss

Colon Cancer

Diarrhea, constipation, blood in the stool, sudden weight loss

Bladder or Kidney Cancer

Urinary frequency and urgency, blood in the urine, sudden weight loss

Uterine Cancer

Postmenopausal bleeding, sudden weight loss

Skin/Oral Cancer

Small, scaly patches that bleed or do not heal, sore in the mouth that does not heal

Breast/Testicular/Lymph Nodes/Gland Cancer

Enlargement of lymph node, gland, or a lump, change in a wart, mole

Digestive System Cancer

Indigestion, heartburn, difficulty swallowing

Palliative Care/Treatment

Terminal illness with 6 months or less, and goal is NOT curative but to provide comfort until death

Obsession

Thoughts

Compulsions

Rituals that the person cannot control

Evening Before Surgery

NPO 6-8 hours before surgery if on IV fluids record urinary output, and provide mouth care

Postoperative Care

Change bed linens, surgical bed is prepared and placed at stretcher height, gather all possible equipment needed

After Surgery Responsibility for CNA

Obtain vital signs and temperature

• Every 15 minutes for 1st hour (4 times)

• 30 minutes for the next 1-2 hours(2 times)

• Every hour for 4 hours(1 time)

• 4 hours as needed

Preventing Complications

Respiratory with coughing and deep breathing: support incision site with pillow/folded towel to minimize pain and incentive spirometer devices

Cardiovascular issues: support with intermittent pneumatic compression devices, TeD stockings, and leg exercises

Antepartum (Prenatal) Period

The time from conception until the baby is born

CNA’s Responsibility During Pregnancy

• checking vital signs

• Obtaining urine samples

• Help with personal care

Delivery

Given birth to the baby vaginally or by cesarean section

Labor

When contractions squeeze the baby downward, forcing the head against the cervix so that it opens or dilates.

Bonding Period

Helps to develop emotional and physical attachment

Tell the Nurse If Birthing Parent

• unable to void

• Increased vaginal bleeding

• Change in VS’s

• Dizziness

• Trouble breathing

• Numbness in legs or pelvis

• Headache

CNA’s Responsibility After Labor & Delivery

• assist with breastfeeding; wash hands and breasts with warm water NO SOAP

• baby care with axillary or temporal temperature, apical pulse x1, blood pressure and respirations

• circumcision care; keep penis clean and dry

Normal Blood Pressure for Baby

50-80/30-50mmHg

Normal Apical Pulse for Baby

110-160bpm

Normal Respiration for Baby

30-60rpm

Normal Temperature for Baby

97.6-98.6 F

Infant Physical Needs

Monitor intake and output due to high risk of dehydration. Monitor body temperature because medical condition can change very quickly.

Toddler Physical Needs

Promote independence by offering limited choices, regression id common when frightened; ask for a bottle or pacifier, wet their pants

Magical Thinking

The thought process that is common among preschoolers. They believe if they wish hard enough for something, it will happen.

CNA’s Role in Caring for Pediatric Patients

• report suspicion of child abuse

• Dont question child yourself

What is the Reason for Home Health Care?

• the person may have just been discharged from the hospital following surgery or an acute illness/injury

• The person may have a chronic illness or disability that makes it hard for them to manage some tasks independently

• The person may have a condition that makes it dangerous for the person to be left alone in the house

• The person may be terminally ill

Private Pay

Expense that is paid “out of pocket” using one’s own money

Medicare

An insurance plan that is federally funded by social security for people 65 years and older, or young people with disabilities

Medicaid

A federally funded and state regulated plan designed to help people with low incomes to pay for health care

Qualities for Success

Independence; organize and manage time, reliable, good communication, look and act professional, and set boundaries to maintain a professional relationship

Workplace Safety

• Preventing falls

• Preventing fire

• Smelling smoke or gas do not enter home and call 911

• Violence in a home and you are unsafe, make sure client is safe and leave the home, call 911

• Bag technique 4 steps to prevent transmission of microbes

• Hand hygiene upon arrival to home

Personal Safety

• proper body mechanics

• Infection prevention

• Care care

• Be aware or your surroundings

• Weather preparation

Intermittent Pneumatic Compression(IPC) Devices

Applied to the calves to help prevent pooling of blood in lower legs

Antiembolism(TED) Stockings

Made of a tight fitting elastic fabric that applies pressure, compressing the veins and help return blood to the heart

What Lowers Risk of Pneumonia or Atelectasis?

• coughing and deep breathing

• Incentive spirometry

What Lowers Risk of Blood Clot/Cardiovascular Complications?

• IPC Devices

• TED Stockings

• Leg exercises