Molecular Bio Test #1

Hydroxyl group

—OH

Carbonyl group

C=O

Carboxyl group

—COOH

Amino group

—NH2 or —NH3+

Phosphate group

PO4 3-

Amide group

R—C(=O)—NRR

Hydrophobic effect

Tendancy of non polar molecules to aggregate in water. Increase in entropy since more water is free to aggregate when not being prevented by nonpolar molecules

Order of bond strength (in aqueous environments)

1. Covalent

2. H bonds

3. Ionic+salt bridges

4. van der Waals

Van der Waals interactions

Random fluctuations in electron distribution create momentary dipoles

bond between 2 amino acids

peptide bond

bond between 2 nucleotides

phosphodiester bond

bond between 2 sugars

glycosidic bond

Histadine

There is a charged form at acidic pH and an uncharged form at basic pH. In bodily pH either form is stable.

Proline

Connected to the alpha carbon AND the amino group. Rigid

Purine vs pyrimidine structure

Purines (AG) have 2 rings (Big with 6 sides and small with 5) and pyrimidines (T/UC) have 1

Equilibrium

When forward and reverse reactions are equal rates. In steady state, it is not an isolated system and many outside factors affect it