Science Prep TMSCA

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Deciduous tree

"Deciduous" means "tending to fall off." These plants lose their leaves seasonally to maintain homeostasis during the winter. (leaves change color)

Coniferous trees

Any tree that reproduces via cones. (can have a coniferous-deciduous tree)

Sun spots

Darker, cooler areas on the sun's surface.

Prominence

A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape. Anchored in the photosphere and extend to the corona.

Solar flare

A sudden flash of brightness observed near the Sun's surface.

Maria

(Plural for Mare) Smooth dark areas on the moon's surface. Made up of basalt. (formed by ancient volcanic eruptions)

Primary Succession

One of two types of succession. Occurs in lifeless areas. Regions where soil cannot maintain life. Starts with lichens and small plants, then grasses and perennials, shrubs and shade-intolerant trees like pine and then finally shade-tolerant trees like oak and hickory.

Secondary Succession

Changes on a previously colonized, but damaged and disturbed region (ex. after fires) Occurs faster than Primary Succession because there is soil and therefore no pioneer species need to grow. First annual plants grow, then grasses and perennials, shrubs, pines, oak and hickory, then a mature oak and hickory forest.

Cell Membrane

Enclosed by plasma membrane. Separates material inside and outside the cell. Controls passage of materials in a cell. Responsible for endocytosis. In BOTH types of cells. (Animal and Plant)

Endocytosis

Bulk transport. Materials move into the cell through membrane and form vacuoles.

Exocytosis

Bulk transport. Materials move out of the cell through the membrane and form vacuoles.

Phenotype

External Appearance

Genotype

Internal chemical makeup

Dominant trait

Trait that will appear in offspring if parent contributes to it. Capital letters.

Recessive trait

Can be carried without being visible on a person. Not the dominant trait (hidden) Lowercase letters.

Heterozygous

Contains two different alleles of a gene. (1 Dominant, 1 Recessive)

Homozygous

Identical alleles for a single trait (Dominant or Recessive)

Nucleus

Control Center. Formed by the nuclear membrane. Contains Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Nucleolus

Dense region of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus. In BOTH types of cells. Makes Ribosomes.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid inside the cell. Materials move by diffusion here. In BOTH types of cells.

Diffusion

Substance moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration until it becomes equal

Cytosol

Portion of Cytoplasm not within membrane-bound organelles

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Double-stranded nucleic acid that makes up genes and chromosomes. Hereditary materials.

Chloroplast

In a PLANT CELL. Captures energy from sunlight. Uses energy to produce cell food, which is sugar. Process called photosynthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

In BOTH types of cells. Carries substances, like proteins, to various parts of the cell.

Golgi Body/Complex

In BOTH types of cells. Receives materials from endoplasmic reticulum, distributes materials.

Large Vacuole

In a PLANT CELL. Stores water, food, waste and more for a plant cell.

Lysosome

In an ANIMAL CELL. Contain chemicals that break down certain materials. Breaks down dead cells.

Mitochondria

In BOTH types of cells. Organelle that produce most of the cells energy, which is ATP. (not in bacterial cells)

Ribosome

In BOTH types of cells. Produces proteins.

Small Vacuole

In an ANIMAL CELL. Transport and stores materials, including waste.

Cell Wall

In a PLANT cell. Helps protect and support the cell. Gives a plant cell a shape. Made of cellulose

Kettle

A depression in a glacial outwash drift made by the melting of a detached mass of glacial ice that became wholly or partly buried.

Moraine

A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth

Till

Unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice and showing no stratification (division of layer in rock).

Outwash Plain

plain formed of glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier.

Lahar

a destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano.

Slump

Slump, in geology, downward intermittent movement of rock debris, usually the consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated material

Creep

slow downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of prolonged pressure and stress.

rock fall

a descent of loose rocks.

Function of Digestive system

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Function of Circulatory System

The human circulatory system functions to transport blood and oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues of the body.

Function of Skeletal System

Provide support, protection, calcium storage, and endocrine regulation

Function of Muscular system

movement, maintenance of posture and body position

Function of Nervous System

Control of the body and communication among its parts.

Function of Endocrine System

Regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body)

Function of Respiratory System

Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breathe

Function of Immune system

Body's defense against viruses, bacteria and other harmful pathogens

Pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Function of Lymphatic system

Removes interstitial fluid from tissues. It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system. It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones.

Function of Reproductive System

Female: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm.

Function of Urinary System

Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells.

Function of Integumentary system

acts as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature.

Mercury

Smallest and Innermost planet in Solar System, orbital period of 88 days (shortest). Dark gray, no moons

Venus

Second planet from the sun, Longest ROTATION period in Solar System, orbits sun in 225 days, no moon, reddish-brown/yellowish white color

Earth

3rd planet from the sun, only object in universe known to harbor life, densest in solar system, largest of 4 terrestrial planets, blue/green/brown, one moon (luna)

Mars

4th planet from sun, 2nd smallest in solar system after Mercury, length of day is roughly same as Earth's (1 day 40 min), red, 2 moons (Phobos, Deimos)

Jupiter

Fifth planet from sun, Largest in solar system, (67 moons for Jupiter, Io, Callisto), gas giant

Saturn

6th planet from sun, 2nd largest after Jupiter, Gas giant, 62 moons (Titan, etc,) , length of day is 10 hr 42 min)

Uranus

7th planet from the sun, 3rd largest radius, 4th largest mass in solar system, orbital period of 84 years, 17 hr 14 min in a day, 27 moons

Neptune

the farthest planet from the sun, 3rd most massive planet, densest giant planet, length of day roughly 16 hrs, orbital period is 165 years, 14 moons

Many animals get the nitrogen they need through

eating plants

Epicenter

point on Earth's surface directly above earthquake's point of origin

Focus

Hypocenter of an earthquake, the vibrating waves travel away from the focus of the earthquake in all directions. Point of focus is point of origin

Fault

A fault is a crack in the Earth's crust. Typically, faults are associated with, or form, the boundaries between Earth's tectonic plates. In an active fault, the pieces of the Earth's crust along a fault move over time. The moving rocks can cause earthquakes

Vent

An outlet for air, smoke, fumes or the like in the ground

Meiosis

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction (produces sex cells)

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

Binary Fission

Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes like Amoeba and Paramecium. In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new cells.

Vegetative propagation

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Only one plant is involved and the offspring is the result of one parent. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent.

Rilles

a fissure or narrow channel on the moon's surface. the sinuous rilles probably mark lava channels or collapsed lava tubes that formed during mare volcanism.

Aurora

Natural light display in the sky, Bottom line: When charged particles from the sun strike atoms in Earth's atmosphere, they cause electrons in the atoms to move to a higher-energy state. When the electrons drop back to a lower energy state, they release a photon: light. This process creates the beautiful aurora, or northern lights. TMSCA definition: auroras are caused when charged particles in the solar wind are trapped by the Earth's magnetosphere and collide with particles in the Earth's upper atmosphere

Weather

the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.

Climate

the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

Ramp

INCLINED PLANE, a tilted surface, simple machine

Lever

A lever can be described as a long rigid body with a fulcrum along its length, simple machine

1st class lever

Class 1: Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance (or load) on the other side, for example, a seesaw, a crowbar or a pair of scissors. Mechanical advantage may be greater than, less than, or equal to 1. (ex. seesaws, pliers, crowbars, scissors)

2nd class lever

Class 2: Resistance (or load) in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the resistance and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a wheelbarrow, a nutcracker, a bottle opener or the brake pedal of a car. Load arm is smaller than the effort arm. Mechanical advantage is always greater than 1. (wheelbarrow)

3rd class lever

Class 3: Effort in the middle: the resistance (or load) is on one side of the effort and the fulcrum is located on the other side, for example, a pair of tweezers or the human mandible. The effort arm is smaller than the load arm. Mechanical advantage is always less than 1. It is also called speed multiplier lever. (ex. Arms and legs, fishing rods, tweezers, ice tongs)

Wheel and axle

a simple lifting machine consisting of a rope that unwinds from a wheel onto a cylindrical drum or shaft joined to the wheel to provide mechanical advantage, simple machine

Pulley

: a sheave or small wheel with a grooved rim and with or without the block in which it runs used singly with a rope or chain to change the direction and point of application of a pulling force and in various combinations to increase the applied force especially for lifting weights, simple machine

O Horizon

This is the top layer of soil that is made up of living and decomposed materials like leaves, plants, and bugs. This layer is very thin and is usually pretty dark.

A Horizon

This is the layer that we call "topsoil" and it is located just below the O Horizon. This layer is made up of minerals and decomposed organic matter and it is also very dark in color. This is the layer that many plants roots grow in

B Horizon

This is the layer that we call "subsoil" and it is located just below the A Horizon. This layer has clay and mineral deposits and less organic materials than the layers above it. This layer is also lighter in color than the layers above it.

C Horizon

located just below the B Horizon. This layer is made up of slightly unbroken rock and only a little bit of organic material is found here. Plant roots are not found in this layer.

Wedge

A wedge is really an inclined plane turned on its side. But instead of helping you move things to a higher level, a wedge helps you push things apart. The blades of a knife or a shovel are both wedges, simple machine (TMSCA- a doubled inclined plane tha moves)

Hinge Joints

A hinge joint (ginglymus) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane. According to one classification system they are said to be uniaxial (having one degree of freedom). (ex. fingers and toes and knuckles)

Ball and Socket Joints

a natural or manufactured joint or coupling, such as the hip joint, in which a partially spherical end lies in a socket, allowing multidirectional movement and rotation. (Hip and shoulder joints)

Pivot Joints

Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis. An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth . (neck)

Gliding Joints

A gliding joint, also known as a plane joint or planar joint, is a common type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. Gliding joints allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint - up and down, left and right, and diagonally. (Ex. wrist)

Saddle Joints

A saddle joint is a synovial joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. ... The best example of a saddle joint in the body is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb that is formed between the trapezium bone and the first metacarpal.... (Thumb joint)

Planar Joint

A gliding joint, also known as a plane joint or planar joint, is a common type of synovial joint formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat articular surfaces. Gliding joints allow the bones to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint - up and down, left and right, and diagonally. Slight rotations can also occur at these joints, but are limited by the shape of the bones and the elasticity of the joint capsule surrounding them.... (ankle Joint)

Bivalve

is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. (includes oysters)

Plateau

A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.

Plain

In geography, a plain is a flat area. Plains occur as lowlands along the bottoms of valleys, coastal plains and as plateaus or uplands at high elevations. In a valley, a plain is enclosed on two sides but in other cases a plain may be delineated by a complete or partial ring of hills, by mountains or cliffs.

mountain belt

A mountain range (also mountain barrier, belt, or system) is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains.

relief

Signing Earth Science Dictionary - relief definition. relief, noun. Relief is the variation in elevation and slope of the land surface in a particular region. For example, a relief map, usually using contour lines, shows variations in land height.

convergent boundary

converging boundary (plates move together)

divergent boundary

divergent boundary

strike-slip boundary (transform)

slide right past each other in opposite directions boundary