AP pshcy - unit 0.2

Experimental

• carry out in controlled conditions

• test hypothesis

• casual relationship with independent and dependent variables

Non-experimental

• controlled experiment is not possible or ethical

• can’t describe behavior

• can’t establish relationship between independent and dependent variables

case studies

examines an individual, group of people, event , or situation to provide detailed info and insight into the topic of interest

Harthone effect

subject of a study switches their behavior due to them being aware

correlational studies

• third variable can come affect it

• r-value

• insight into 2 variables

• help determine strength of the 2 variables

meta analysis

combines results of multiple studies on the same topic

Naturalistic Observations

Researchers observes individuals in a real world setting

Goal: gather data by seeing people in their own environments

Hypothesis

testable prediction about the relationship between 2 or more variables

• prove falsifiability

Theory

supported by data from research that is finished and explains a question, thought or phenomena

Independent variable

what is being manipulated or controlled by the researcher (cause)

Dependent Variables

outcome that is being measured in the study (effect)

Confounding variables

• factors that affect dependent & independent variable

• unable to control

  • more control on participants = change how they act = higher confounding variables

Population

entire group that the research is studying

sample

selected group of individuals in a population that are chosen to represent the population in the study

random sampling

each individual in a population has an equal chance of participating in the studyst

stratified sampling

each population divided into different subcategories and a random sample is taken from each subcategory

Representative sample

sample group in the study represent all the different people in the population

sampling bias

sample group that represents the population in this study that doesn’t represent the entire population

Convenience sampling

when individuals are selected to participate in a study based on their availability

• easy way to get a sample group but introduces bias

Generalizability

extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to the larger population

Experiment group

gets independent variable

control group

gets placebo - placebo group

placebo

something close as possible to he independent variable but missing a key component that the independent variable has

• doesn’t give away who is the control or experimental group

Random assignment

participants are randomly assigned to be part of the control or experimental group

Random selection

when participants are randomly chosen to be part of a study

Quasi-experiment

doesn’t include random assignment of participants

-can not determine cause and effect

single-blind procedure

when participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group

• prevents social desirability and placebo effect

social desirability bias

participants skew their answers to create a more favorable impression of themselves

• telling the researchers what they want to hear

Placebo effect

when individual physically and mental state after taking a placebo, because they assume they are taking the actual drugS

Double blind procedure

Both participants and researches are unaware who is in the control or experimental group

• counter experimenter bias and social desirability bias

Experimenter bias

when the researcher’s expectations, preferences, or beliefs influence the outcome of the study

• happens unknowingly

Qualitative measures

collect non-numerical data that provide detailed, descriptive insights into participants thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (not numbers)

• descriptive and selective data

Structured interviews

researchers ask open ended questions that allow the participant to provide in depth answer about their perspective and experiences

Quantitative measures

collect numerical data that can be statistically analyzed to identify different relationships, patterns and differences

likert scale

has participants rate their agreement with statements on a scale to provide the researcher with data on the participants attitudes or opinions

Informed conset

researchers must give adequate information to their participant so they understand the risks of the study and can make a rational decision

Informed assent

when the participant is not legally able to provide full consent on their own, (they a minor)

peer review

other experts in the field assess the research study’s methodolgy, data, and conclusions before it is published

Replication

Other individuals conducting the study again, allows others to check the original findings and verify the results