PBSI 315 Exam 4

Anticipating interaction

Expecting someone to be nice leads to behaving nicely towards them.

Similarity in relationships

Similar people typically get along better than different people.

Complementarity

NOT a reason why similar people tend to get along.

Mere Exposure Effect

Increased exposure usually leads to increased liking.

Attraction

Interest or desire to form a relationship with another person.

Halo Effect

Attractive people are assumed to have other positive qualities.

Investment Model of Relationships

Commitment influenced by rewards, alternatives, and investments.

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love

Theory that describes three components of love: Passion, Intimacy, Commitment.

Companionate love

Mutual understanding and long-term partnership.

I-sharing

Feeling another person shares your subjective experience.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where more bystanders lead to less likelihood of help.

Diffusion of responsibility

Explanation for the Bystander Effect; responsibility is shared among onlookers.

Steps to Helping

1. Notice the event. 2. Interpret as emergency. 3. Assume responsibility. 4. Know what to do.

Factors increasing helping

Similarity to victim, fewer bystanders, knowing how to help.

Good Samaritan Study

Time pressure is the primary factor that influences helping behavior.

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

True altruistic helping is motivated by feelings of empathy.

Egoistic Helping

Helping for personal benefit.

Altruistic Helping

Helping purely for the benefit of others.

Thriving through Gratitude

Practicing gratitude can boost happiness.

Subjective Well-Being (SWB)

Scientific term for happiness and life satisfaction.

Optimal Happiness

Moderate happiness is best for ambition, while high happiness may benefit relationships.

Adaptation (Hedonic Treadmill)

People return to a baseline happiness level after both positive and negative events.

Ways to slow adaptation to happiness

Practicing gratitude, acts of kindness, counting blessings.

Social comparison effects

Social comparison speeds up adaptation instead of slowing it down.

Meaning in Life Components

Coherence, Purpose, and Significance.

Experiential Appreciation

Valuing life experiences intrinsically.

Money and Happiness

Weak positive correlation; less significance at higher income levels.

Intrinsic Goals

Goals that are positively correlated with happiness.

Authenticity

Living according to one's own values and beliefs.

Happiness Psychology

Higher happiness correlated with better health and longevity.

Misattribution of Arousal

Attributing physiological arousal to romantic attraction.

Matching Phenomenon

People tend to pair with others of similar attractiveness.

Passionate Love

Intense longing and desire for unity with another.

Social Exchange Theory

Relationships involve an exchange of costs and rewards.

Social Responsibility Norm

Societal rule suggesting we should help those who depend on us.

Reciprocity Norm

Expectation that people help those who have helped them.

Forgiveness

Letting go of resentment, promoting healing and quality in relationships.

Gratitude Journaling

Regularly writing about thanks boosts happiness and life satisfaction.

Humility

Realistic assessment of abilities and openness to feedback.

Adaptation level phenomenon

Emotional reactions return to baseline emotion over time.

Benefits of High Happiness

Healthier life, increased productivity, better social relationships.

Positive Events Adaptation

Quick adaptation; practicing gratitude slows down adaptation.

Negative Events Adaptation

Strategies like socializing and downward comparison help recovery.

Embodied Approach

Physically approaching partners reduces selectivity and enhances romantic interest.

Sitting vs Rotating in Speed Dating

Rotating participants rate partners as more desirable.

Three Basic Psychological Needs

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness.

Authentic Living

Actions aligning with personal values improve life satisfaction.

Coherence of Life

Sense that life makes logical sense.

Purpose of Life

Sense of clear aims and direction.

Significance in Life

Feeling that life matters intrinsically.

Positive vs Extrinsic Goals

Intrinsic goals relate more positively to happiness than extrinsic goals.

Triangular Love Theory components

Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment.

Hedonic Adaptation effects

Emotional responses to events return to baselines.

Factors reducing helping behavior

Being in a hurry decreases likelihood of helping.

Understood helping motivation

Compassion driven by empathy differentiates altruism from egoism.

Relationship Commitment Factors

Rewards, alternatives, and investments influence commitment.

Mere Exposure Effects

Increased exposure typically enhances liking.

Importance of Forgiveness in Relationships

Forgiveness promotes emotional healing.

Slow adaptation methods

Gratitude and kindness practices slow positive adaptations.

Psychological Need of Relatedness

Connections to others, enhancing relationships.

Time Pressure and Helping

Time pressure decreases the likelihood of helping.

Physical Proximity in Relationships

Greatest predictor of friendship formation.

Cognitive Reappraisal

Changing perspective positively to manage emotions.

Help Strategies Summary

Notice event, interpret as emergency, assume responsibility.

Socializing and Recovery

Socializing helps speed up adaptation to negative events.

Downward Social Comparison

Seeing others worse off aids recovery from negative events.

True Motivation for Altruistic Helping

Helping motivated by empathy.

Egoistic vs Altruistic Helping

Egoistic includes personal benefits, altruistic purely benefits others.

Halo Effect Importance

Positive qualities are inferred from physical attractiveness.