Chapter 2: Colliding Cultures Flashcards
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Flashcards covering key figures, events, concepts, and historical processes of European colonization in the Americas from Chapter 2.
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28 Terms
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of goods, people, diseases, plants, and animals between Europe and the Americas.
Which Spanish explorer arrived in Florida in 1513?
Juan Ponce de León.
What was the Spanish encomienda system?
A system involving Spanish grants of Indigenous labor.
Who led Spanish settlers into New Mexico in 1598 and brutally attacked Acoma?
Juan de Oñate.
What settlement established in 1610 was the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest?
Santa Fe.
What was the Black Legend?
The idea that Spain was an especially cruel colonizer, which was used by Spain's rivals to justify their own colonization.
Who founded Quebec in 1608 for the French?
Samuel de Champlain.
What term refers to people of mixed French and Indigenous ancestry?
Métis.
Who purchased Manhattan from the Munsee in 1626?
Peter Minuit.
What was the Dutch system of "half freedom"?
A system of limited freedom given to some enslaved Africans.
Which 1494 agreement divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal?
The Treaty of Tordesillas.
What were Quilombos in Portuguese Brazil?
Communities created by escaped enslaved people.
What was mercantilism?
A government-supported trade system meant to increase national wealth.
What was the enclosure movement in England?
The privatization of common land, which created many landless poor people.
In what year was the Spanish Armada defeated by England?
1588.
What word was found carved at the site of the vanished Roanoke colony by John White?
Croatoan.
What was the first permanent English colony in the present-day United States, established in 1607?
Jamestown.
Which Jamestown leader declared, "He that will not work shall not eat"?
John Smith.
What occurred during the Jamestown "Starving Time" of 1609–1610?
A severe famine during which colonists ate animals, leather, and even human corpses.
Who grew the profitable tobacco that saved Jamestown?
John Rolfe.
What did the Virginia Headright policy of 1618 grant?
50 acres of land for immigrants and for paying someone else's passage.
What representative government made up of white landowners was created in Virginia in 1619?
The House of Burgesses.
Who led the Powhatan attack in 1622 that killed over 350 colonists?
Opechancanough.
Who was Anthony Johnson?
An African man who gained freedom and became a successful landowner in Virginia.
What was the Puritan concept of predestination?
The belief, influenced by John Calvin, that God had already decided who would be saved.
How many Puritans moved to New England during the Great Migration (1630–1640)?
About 20,000 Puritans.
Which Puritan leader wanted New England to be a "City on a Hill"?
John Winthrop.
What was a Jeremiad in Puritan New England?
A sermon criticizing society for moving away from its original religious values.