Sem 2 final ethics and morality

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Apostasy

Giving up one's faith when threatened with persecution

Asceticism

The practice of self-discipline and self-denial to the extreme

Casuistry

the resolution of right and wrong in conduct through equivocal reasoning; stating moral responsibility in a concrete way

Collection

The process by witch nominalists grouped various unique exiting things

Confession

acknowledging and telling one's sins to a priest

Equiprobabilism

Choosing the more likely moral of two options; the theory which held that one could follow personal conscience, or freedom, as long as it was more likely to be moral than the other option

Indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Jansenism

extreme asceticism, self-discipline

Kerygma

A form of preaching to non-believers

Laxism

Personal freedom is emphasized over obligation

Legalism

The ultimate consequence of nominalism, acting directly off of the law

Manichaeism

A philosophy which held that their were 2 God's 1 good and 1 evil

Manuals

Textbooks that summarized the prudent and reasonable position on issues of the day

Minimalism

This refers to doing the least possible

Nominalism

Complete individualism (immediate) and legalism (ultimate): there are no universal concepts, every existing thing is unique, the only way to transcend the uniqueness is though "collection", we simply group various unique existing things and name them "trees," etc.

Penance

voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing

Penitentials

books with list of sins and corresponding penances

Probabiliorism

The theory which held that one could follow personal conscience, or freedom, only if it was more likely (probablier) to be moral than the obligation

Probabilism

the theory which held that one could follow personal conscience, or freedom, as long as it was likely (probable) to be moral

Reconciliation

the act of agreement after a quarrel, the resolution of a dispute

Rigorism

An approach to moral behavior that one was always advised to follow moral law

Summas

Books whose primary function was to summarize systematic theology

Thomism

Term that refers to the theology/philosophy of Thomas Aquinas

Tridentine

Name given to decisions from the Council of Trent

Act of man

An action done by a human (through human agency) but without freedom and/or knowledge

Actual impediment

These are associated with specific actions or moments; situational

Evaluative knowledge

knowledge of art and beauty dependent on the knower

Freedom

to have meaningful options; the agent has more than one alternative

Habitual impediments

these are aspects of an individual's personality; depend on the person

Examples of impediments

ignorance, fear, passion, external force, greed

Human act

an action performed by a human in a truly human way

Impediment

these limit and inhibit the humanity of human acts

Passion

to have Intense emotion

Speculative knowledge

intellectual knowledge that is subservient to the knower

Vice

a bad habit

Virtue

a good habit

Humans as agents

doers of acts, seen as objects, especially in scholastic theology

Humans as persons

subjects of acts, precede, ground, and transcend actions

Act of man

An action done by a human (through human agency) but without freedom and/or knowledge

Reflex knowledge

the knowledge involved in human acts, knowledge that "we know that we know"

Nonreflex knowledge

awareness not available to us as a direct object of reflection, knowledge that we don't know that we know, knowledge of our core human person

Fully human act

acts in which a human being is formed

Covenant

The quote, "I will be your God, and you will be My people," describes what, what is sin a failure to live up to

Duty

The basis for the deontological theories

Idolatry

worshipping something in place of God

Mortal sin

The sin that damages our relationship with God, more serious acts

Categorical freedom

the freedom of the human act, associated with doing. organizes and choses among categories

Transcendental freedom

the freedom associated with our personhood, our being, transcends all categories

Fundamental stance

This describes the attitude which gives one's life direction, significance, and definition.

Fundamental option

A human act in which a person is being formed

Permanence

gives actions their human importance

Personhood

Another name for the depth the humans have ,According to Karl Rainer what is it that is the condition of possibility

Responsibility

characteristic of adults with maturity

Wholeness

When all of the elements that make us up as persons work together

Obligation

A legal or moral responsibility or duty, morality is a consequence of this

Original sin

the only way to remove what was through baptism

Self sufficiency

seen as the greatest sin

Venial sin

refers to those that are small and petty in nature

Chatechesis

religious instruction

Concupiscence

Lust

Motive

the only determinant of morality

Conscience

a judgment of reason whereby the human person recognizes the moral quality of a concrete act that he is going to perform

Conscience/1

general sense of value, awe ness of personal responsibility, awe rests of universals

Conscience/2

process by which an individual seeks concrete personal values, erroneous and misinformed, seeks truth

Conscience/3

event of concrete judgement of a specific person pertaining to his own immediate action, infallible, we must follow

Conscientia

Latin word for conscience (with knowledge)

Guilt

the normal feeling that arises from the conscience when a person acts against internal values

Infallibility

immunity from error and any possibility of error when speaking church dogma

Invincible ignorance

ignorance which cannot be dispelled, someone ignorant of his own ignorance

Leb

conscience in Hebrew scripture, also means heart

Synderesis

the habit of conscience, basic sense of responsibility for human person

Syneidesis

Greek word for conscience, act of conscience, evaluate an action

Vincible ignorance

ignorance which can and should be dispelled

Civil law

the rules of a particular society developed for the common good

Divine positive law

rules made by God (Jewish ritual, sacraments)

Ecclesiastical law

Laws that govern one's life in the community of faith are what kind of laws?

Human positive law

these laws are self evident and self justifying

Natural law

demand of creation, experienced in the lives of human persons and promulgated through the light of human reason

Lus civile

civil law, regulations and customs specific to a single group or society

Lus gentium

law of the nations, laws that are common to all people

Lus naturale

natural law, a "rule of action common to man and all the animals"

Ambros

Bishop of Milan, first of Christian casuists, focused on duties of the believer (homilies)

Thomas Aquinas

(1225-1274) influenced by Aristotelian thought, author of summa theologiae, said theology is understanding, sod highest human achievement is thought, purpose of theology is understanding

Augustine

(354-430) had a negative tendency towards rigorism, manichean dualist perspective, relationship between fault and works grace and freedom of sin and virtue,

Bonaventure

Franciscan scholar, influenced by platonic thought, believed the central characteristic of people is their will, their power to decide and act

Catherine of Siena

persuaded Gregory XI to return to Rome in 1378

Clement of Alexandria

encouraged integrating pagan insights and culture into Christianity, optimistic vision of life

Clement V

first Pope of Avignon papacy

Dominic De Guzman

founder of the order of preachers

Francis of Assisi

founder of the Franciscan and the order of friars minor

Alphonsus Liguori

sought balanced and reasonable approach, prudent moderation, supported equiprobabilism

Martin Lither

posted 95 theses on oct. 31 1517, sought perfection rathe than minimums, believed in salvation through faith and not good works

Pope Martin V

election ended the western schism

St. Monica

mother of Augustine

Origen

said ethical Christians must live apart from the world

Blaise Pascal

He believed that the gap between Christianity and natural science was great. Man was not the physical center of the world, but his mind had penetrated the world's laws. he said man was merely a reed, but a thinking reed. Wrote Pensees

Tertullian

described penance in the early church

William of Ockham

leading advocate of nominalism

Fathers of the church

Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Ambrose, Augustine

Thomas aquinas 2.

significantly developed natural law, said natural law "is the rational creatures participation in the eternal law", said eternal law is "...the divine wisdom, as directing all actions and movements"