Unit 2 test flashcards

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Enviromental Bio

40 Terms

1

Population Ecology

The study of how populations interact with their environment, including factors like birth and death rates.

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2

Population

A number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular area at the same time and can interbreed.

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3

Arithmetic Growth

A pattern of growth where the same number of individuals is added at each generation; not realistic long-term.

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4

Exponential Growth

A J-shaped growth curve where growth accelerates with each generation; often occurs when resources are plentiful.

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5

Population Growth Rate

The percentage of population change per year, calculated by (new population/time).

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6

Doubling Time

The length of time required for a population to double in size, roughly estimated by the formula 70/population growth rate.

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7

Net Growth Rate

Determined by the formula: (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration).

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8

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of organisms an environment can support.

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9

Logistic Growth

A type of growth that occurs when resources are limited, creating an S-shaped curve.

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10

Range of Tolerance

The range of environmental conditions within which a species can survive.

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11

Habitat

The complex environment an organism depends on for survival, including abiotic and biotic elements.

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12

Ecological Niche

The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including all interactions with biotic and abiotic factors.

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13

Survivorship

The probability of an organism dying during a particular time interval.

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14

Type 1 Survivorship Curve

Species that mostly die of old age.

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15

Type 2 Survivorship Curve

Species that have a constant mortality rate throughout their life span.

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16

Type 3 Survivorship Curve

Species that mostly die at a young age.

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17

Evolution

Inherited changes in a population over time, primarily driven by natural selection and genetic drift.

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18

Natural Selection

The process by which certain traits increase an individual's likelihood of survival and reproduction.

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19

Fitness (Biological)

An organism's ability to produce viable offspring, contributing to the next generation.

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20

Adaptations

Inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.

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21

Directional Selection

Natural selection individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have a greater fitness than those with average or less extreme traits, leading to a shift in the population's trait distribution.

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22

Stabilizing Selection

Individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness.

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23

Disruptive Selection

Natural selection that favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range.

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24

Genetic Drift

Random changes in the frequency of traits in a population due to chance events.

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25

Founder Effect

A change in the frequency of an inherited trait that is caused by a small subset of the population. Type of genetic drift

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26

Reproductive Isolation

Mechanisms that prevent species from interbreeding with others, leading to speciation.

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27

Mass Extinction

A rapid and widespread decrease in biodiversity on Earth.

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28

Background Extinction Rate

The normal rate of extinction for various species, occurring continuously.

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29

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes population change over time, often linked to modernization and economic development.

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30

Ecological Footprint

The area of land needed to supply resources consumed by a population.

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31

Biocapacity

The ability of an ecosystem to regenerate resources consumed.

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32

Competitive Exclusion Principle

The principle stating that two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist.

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33

Fundamental Niche

The full range of conditions and resources in which a species could survive without competition.

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34

Realized Niche

The actual conditions and resources in which a species exists due to competition.

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35

Niche Differentiation

the process by which species in an ecosystem use resources differently to avoid competition

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36

Coevolution

The process where two or more species influence each other's evolution through reciprocal selective pressures.

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37

Mutualism

A type of interaction in which both species benefit.

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38

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

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39

Parasitism

A type of interaction where one species benefits at the expense of the other.

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40

Predation

An interaction where one organism (the predator) feeds on another organism (the prey).

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