The Neuron and Brain

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57 Terms

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Dendrite

Receives incoming signals and carries them toward the cell body.

<p>Receives incoming signals and carries them toward the cell body.</p>
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Neurofibrils

Cytoskeletal structures that provide support and help transport substances in neurons.

<p>Cytoskeletal structures that provide support and help transport substances in neurons.</p>
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Myelin sheath

Fatty covering around axons that speeds up electrical impulses.

<p>Fatty covering around axons that speeds up electrical impulses.</p>
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Nissl bodies

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons; involved in protein synthesis.

<p>Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons; involved in protein synthesis.</p>
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Axon

Long projection that carries impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

<p>Long projection that carries impulses away from the neuron's cell body.</p>
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Axon hillock

Cone-shaped area of the cell body where the axon begins; site of action potential initiation.

<p>Cone-shaped area of the cell body where the axon begins; site of action potential initiation.</p>
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Nerve terminal

Ends of the axon where neurotransmitters are released.

<p>Ends of the axon where neurotransmitters are released.</p>
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Synaptic cleft

The small gap between the axon terminal and the target cell.

<p>The small gap between the axon terminal and the target cell.</p>
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Multipolar neuron

A neuron with many dendrites and one axon; the most common type.

<p>A neuron with many dendrites and one axon; the most common type.</p>
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Bipolar neuron

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite; found in sensory organs like the retina.

<p>A neuron with one axon and one dendrite; found in sensory organs like the retina.</p>
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Unipolar neuron

A neuron with one process that splits into peripheral and central branches; common in sensory neurons.

<p>A neuron with one process that splits into peripheral and central branches; common in sensory neurons.</p>
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Epineurium

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire nerve.

<p>Connective tissue that surrounds the entire nerve.</p>
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Perineurium

Connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle (bundle of axons).

<p>Connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle (bundle of axons).</p>
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Endoneurium

Connective tissue that surrounds a single axon.

<p>Connective tissue that surrounds a single axon.</p>
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Frontal lobe

Controls voluntary movement, decision-making, and personality.

<p>Controls voluntary movement, decision-making, and personality.</p>
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Precentral gyrus

Primary motor cortex; initiates voluntary muscle movements.

<p>Primary motor cortex; initiates voluntary muscle movements.</p>
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Central sulcus

Groove separating frontal and parietal lobes.

<p>Groove separating frontal and parietal lobes.</p>
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Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex; processes touch and pressure.

<p>Primary somatosensory cortex; processes touch and pressure.</p>
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Parietal lobe

Processes sensory information like touch, pressure, and temperature.

<p>Processes sensory information like touch, pressure, and temperature.</p>
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Occipital lobe

Processes visual information.

<p>Processes visual information.</p>
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Temporal lobe

Processes auditory and olfactory information.

<p>Processes auditory and olfactory information.</p>
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Transverse fissure

Deep groove that separates cerebrum from cerebellum.

<p>Deep groove that separates cerebrum from cerebellum.</p>
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Cerebellum

Coordinates movement and balance.

<p>Coordinates movement and balance.</p>
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Pons

Part of the brainstem that connects the medulla to higher brain structures; helps control breathing.

<p>Part of the brainstem that connects the medulla to higher brain structures; helps control breathing.</p>
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Medulla

Controls vital autonomic functions such as heartbeat and respiration.

<p>Controls vital autonomic functions such as heartbeat and respiration.</p>
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Longitudinal fissure

Deep groove dividing the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

<p>Deep groove dividing the left and right cerebral hemispheres.</p>
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Pituitary gland

Endocrine gland that secretes hormones; controlled by the hypothalamus.

<p>Endocrine gland that secretes hormones; controlled by the hypothalamus.</p>
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Cerebral peduncle

Part of the midbrain; contains motor tracts from the cerebrum to the pons.

<p>Part of the midbrain; contains motor tracts from the cerebrum to the pons.</p>
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Olfactory bulb

Receives smell input from olfactory receptors.

<p>Receives smell input from olfactory receptors.</p>
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Olfactory tract

Pathway that carries smell signals to the brain.

<p>Pathway that carries smell signals to the brain.</p>
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Optic chiasma

Crossing of optic nerves from both eyes.

<p>Crossing of optic nerves from both eyes.</p>
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Optic nerve

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

<p>Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.</p>
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Optic tract

Pathway for visual information from the optic chiasma to the brain.

<p>Pathway for visual information from the optic chiasma to the brain.</p>
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Mammillary body

Part of the hypothalamus involved in memory and smell.

<p>Part of the hypothalamus involved in memory and smell.</p>
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Fornix

Fiber tract that connects parts of the limbic system.

<p>Fiber tract that connects parts of the limbic system.</p>
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Pineal gland

Secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms.

<p>Secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms.</p>
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Corpora quadrigemina

Four mounds on the midbrain involved in visual and auditory reflexes.

<p>Four mounds on the midbrain involved in visual and auditory reflexes.</p>
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Fourth ventricle

CSF-filled space between brainstem and cerebellum.

<p>CSF-filled space between brainstem and cerebellum.</p>
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Thalamus

Relay station for sensory information going to the cortex.

<p>Relay station for sensory information going to the cortex.</p>
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Hypothalamus

Controls autonomic functions and links the nervous system to the endocrine system.

<p>Controls autonomic functions and links the nervous system to the endocrine system.</p>
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Anterior commissure

Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two temporal lobes.

<p>Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two temporal lobes.</p>
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Corpus callosum

Large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

<p>Large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.</p>
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Lateral ventricle

CSF-filled chamber in each cerebral hemisphere.

<p>CSF-filled chamber in each cerebral hemisphere.</p>
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Septum pellucidum

Thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles.

<p>Thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles.</p>
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Choroid plexus

Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside ventricles.

<p>Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside ventricles.</p>
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Cerebral aqueduct

Narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

<p>Narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles.</p>
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Caudate nucleus

Part of the basal ganglia involved in learning and movement regulation.

<p>Part of the basal ganglia involved in learning and movement regulation.</p>
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Putamen

Part of the basal ganglia that helps regulate movement.

<p>Part of the basal ganglia that helps regulate movement.</p>
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Globus pallidus

Part of the basal ganglia that helps control voluntary movement.

<p>Part of the basal ganglia that helps control voluntary movement.</p>
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Dura mater

Tough outermost meningeal layer protecting the brain.

<p>Tough outermost meningeal layer protecting the brain.</p>
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Arachnoid mater

Middle meningeal layer; web-like appearance.

<p>Middle meningeal layer; web-like appearance.</p>
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Pia mater

Thin inner layer of meninges that clings to the brain surface.

<p>Thin inner layer of meninges that clings to the brain surface.</p>
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Subdural space

Space between dura mater and arachnoid mater.

<p>Space between dura mater and arachnoid mater.</p>
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Subarachnoid space

Contains cerebrospinal fluid; located between arachnoid and pia mater.

<p>Contains cerebrospinal fluid; located between arachnoid and pia mater.</p>
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Falx cerebri

Dura mater fold that separates the cerebral hemispheres.

<p>Dura mater fold that separates the cerebral hemispheres.</p>
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Falx cerebelli

Dura mater fold that separates cerebellar hemispheres.

<p>Dura mater fold that separates cerebellar hemispheres.</p>
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Tentorium cerebelli

Dura mater fold between cerebrum and cerebellum.

<p>Dura mater fold between cerebrum and cerebellum.</p>