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Monomers
The basic building blocks of polymers, consisting of single units that can join together.
Polymers
Large molecules composed of many repeated subunits (monomers) linked together.
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction that involves the removal of water to join two molecules.
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that involves the addition of water to break down a molecule.
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of carbohydrates; single sugar molecules such as glucose and fructose.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates formed by the combination of two monosaccharides, such as sucrose.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that consist of long chains of monosaccharide units, like starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Benedict's test
A qualitative test for the presence of reducing sugars that produces a color change.
Lipids
A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, including fatty acids and triglycerides.
Triglycerides
Lipids made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids, commonly found in fats and oils.
Emulsion
A mixture of two immiscible liquids, typically stabilized by an emulsifier.
Amino acids
Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins.
Peptide bonds
Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Magnification
The process of enlarging the appearance of an object using a microscope.
Parfocal
A feature of a microscope allowing it to remain in focus when switching between objectives.
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
Isotonic
A solution with an equal concentration of solutes as another solution.
Crenate
The process of a cell shrinking due to loss of water in a hypertonic solution.
Hemolysis
The rupture or destruction of red blood cells.
Plasmolysis
The contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water.
Turgor
The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, a molecule involved in the synthesis of proteins.
Cell membrane
A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of cells.
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
Mitochondria
Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through respiration.
Chromosomes
Structures made of DNA and proteins that organize genetic material.
Cell division
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Cellular respiration
The metabolic process that converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Biuret test
Tests for proteins, positive results will be purple
Sudan red test
Tests for lipids , makes fats red
