Midterm study guide pt2

Monomers

The basic building blocks of polymers, consisting of single units that can join together.

Polymers

Large molecules composed of many repeated subunits (monomers) linked together.

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction that involves the removal of water to join two molecules.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that involves the addition of water to break down a molecule.

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates; single sugar molecules such as glucose and fructose.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by the combination of two monosaccharides, such as sucrose.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that consist of long chains of monosaccharide units, like starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Benedict's test

A qualitative test for the presence of reducing sugars that produces a color change.

Lipids

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, including fatty acids and triglycerides.

Triglycerides

Lipids made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids, commonly found in fats and oils.

Emulsion

A mixture of two immiscible liquids, typically stabilized by an emulsifier.

Amino acids

Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins.

Peptide bonds

Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

Magnification

The process of enlarging the appearance of an object using a microscope.

Parfocal

A feature of a microscope allowing it to remain in focus when switching between objectives.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Isotonic

A solution with an equal concentration of solutes as another solution.

Crenate

The process of a cell shrinking due to loss of water in a hypertonic solution.

Hemolysis

The rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

Plasmolysis

The contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water.

Turgor

The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule involved in the synthesis of proteins.

Cell membrane

A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of cells.

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP through respiration.

Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA and proteins that organize genetic material.

Cell division

The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

Cellular respiration

The metabolic process that converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Biuret test

Tests for proteins, positive results will be purple

Sudan red test

Tests for lipids , makes fats red