US History Chapter 10- The Age of Jackson

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41 Terms

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Andrew Jackson

7th president; Old Hickory

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Henry Clay

the chief advocate of the economic nationalism in Congress

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American System

economic nationalism in Congress consisting of three parts: protective tariffs, renewal of the National Bank, and internal improvements

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tariff

a tax on imported goods

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protective tariff

an unusually high tariff designed to shield a nation's manufacturers from foreign competition

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Tariff of 1816

America’s first protectionist legislation; increased the cost of foreign goods and eliminated the British price advantage

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internal improvements

a key element of the American System which included funding for roads, canals, and harbor developments that would bolster commerce and communications

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National Road

from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois; 1811-1839

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Panic of 1819

America’s postwar depression; caused by the price of cotton falling sharply and the irresponsible actions of the state banks

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Missouri Compromise

1820; proposed that Maine be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and that in the rest of the Louisiana Territory slavery not be permitted north of Missouri’s southern border

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caucus

a closed meeting of party leaders

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John Quincy Adams

Monroe’s secretary of state; became president in 1824

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corrupt bargain

underhanded deal to give Adams the presidency in return for making Clay secretary

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National Republicans

Adam’s wing of the party

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Democratic Party

Jackson’s wing of the party; used to be the Democratic Republicans

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Martin Van Buren

“Little Magician”; New York senator; 8th president of the US

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John C. Calhoun

Jackson’s running mate in 1829; the 7th vice president

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spoils system

giving government jobs to political supporters

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Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson’s close circle of friends; included newspaper editors, Democrats in Congress, and Van Buren

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Tariff of Abominations

the name the South gave a protective tariff made in 1828 that raised rates on imports

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nullification

states could nullify or reject congressional acts deemed unconstitutional

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Robert Y. Hayne

senator and orator who rebuked New England’s opposition to secession as inconsistent because of the Hartford Convention

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Daniel Webster

senator and America’s finest orator; defended New England and said that Americans as a whole ratified the Constitution

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Force Bill

gave the president the power to use the military against South Carolina

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Compromise Tariff of 1833

made by Henry Clay and reduced the Tariff of 1832 and made it acceptable to South Carolina

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Bank of the United States

major campaign issue in Jackson’s reelection in 1832

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Nicholas Biddle

president of the National Bank; submitted the bank’s charter to Congress for 20 year renewal in 1832 but the existing one didn’t expire until 1836

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third party

first introduced in the election of 1832; the first was the Anti-Masonic Party

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platform

a written statement describing where the party stood on various issues

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national convention

where state delegates gathered to nominate party’s candidates

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pet banks

state banks that Taney placed federal deposits in

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Indian removal policy

Jackson’s idea to move all Indian tribes in the east to the west

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Black Hawk War

when a force of soldiers and Illinois militia moved to intercept the Indians; a brief and bloody war

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Seminole War

when the Seminole tribe resisted efforts to move them west and hid while the American soldiers tried to track them down; many of the Seminoles were captured and sent west

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Sequoyah

brilliant Cherokee that developed a written Cherokee alphabet

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Cherokees

Indian tribe that adopted many features of white civilization; built communities with roads and schools and developed prosperous farms using European agriculture

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Trail of Tears

the relocation of the Indians to the west

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Whig Party

anti Jackson forces that formed a political alliance

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Panic of 1837

five year depression during Van Buren’s presidency; banks and business failed and unemployment grew across the nation

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William Henry Harrison

nominated by the Whigs for presdient; the 9th president of the US; died of pneumonia after a month in office

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John Tyler

Harrison’s running mate and vice president; the 10th president of the US