US History Chapter 10- The Age of Jackson

Andrew Jackson

7th president; Old Hickory

Henry Clay

the chief advocate of the economic nationalism in Congress

American System

economic nationalism in Congress consisting of three parts: protective tariffs, renewal of the National Bank, and internal improvements

tariff

a tax on imported goods

protective tariff

an unusually high tariff designed to shield a nation's manufacturers from foreign competition

Tariff of 1816

America’s first protectionist legislation; increased the cost of foreign goods and eliminated the British price advantage

internal improvements

a key element of the American System which included funding for roads, canals, and harbor developments that would bolster commerce and communications

National Road

from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois; 1811-1839

Panic of 1819

America’s postwar depression; caused by the price of cotton falling sharply and the irresponsible actions of the state banks

Missouri Compromise

1820; proposed that Maine be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and that in the rest of the Louisiana Territory slavery not be permitted north of Missouri’s southern border

caucus

a closed meeting of party leaders

John Quincy Adams

Monroe’s secretary of state; became president in 1824

corrupt bargain

underhanded deal to give Adams the presidency in return for making Clay secretary

National Republicans

Adam’s wing of the party

Democratic Party

Jackson’s wing of the party; used to be the Democratic Republicans

Martin Van Buren

“Little Magician”; New York senator; 8th president of the US

John C. Calhoun

Jackson’s running mate in 1829; the 7th vice president

spoils system

giving government jobs to political supporters

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson’s close circle of friends; included newspaper editors, Democrats in Congress, and Van Buren

Tariff of Abominations

the name the South gave a protective tariff made in 1828 that raised rates on imports

nullification

states could nullify or reject congressional acts deemed unconstitutional

Robert Y. Hayne

senator and orator who rebuked New England’s opposition to secession as inconsistent because of the Hartford Convention

Daniel Webster

senator and America’s finest orator; defended New England and said that Americans as a whole ratified the Constitution

Force Bill

gave the president the power to use the military against South Carolina

Compromise Tariff of 1833

made by Henry Clay and reduced the Tariff of 1832 and made it acceptable to South Carolina

Bank of the United States

major campaign issue in Jackson’s reelection in 1832

Nicholas Biddle

president of the National Bank; submitted the bank’s charter to Congress for 20 year renewal in 1832 but the existing one didn’t expire until 1836

third party

first introduced in the election of 1832; the first was the Anti-Masonic Party

platform

a written statement describing where the party stood on various issues

national convention

where state delegates gathered to nominate party’s candidates

pet banks

state banks that Taney placed federal deposits in

Indian removal policy

Jackson’s idea to move all Indian tribes in the east to the west

Black Hawk War

when a force of soldiers and Illinois militia moved to intercept the Indians; a brief and bloody war

Seminole War

when the Seminole tribe resisted efforts to move them west and hid while the American soldiers tried to track them down; many of the Seminoles were captured and sent west

Sequoyah

brilliant Cherokee that developed a written Cherokee alphabet

Cherokees

Indian tribe that adopted many features of white civilization; built communities with roads and schools and developed prosperous farms using European agriculture

Trail of Tears

the relocation of the Indians to the west

Whig Party

anti Jackson forces that formed a political alliance

Panic of 1837

five year depression during Van Buren’s presidency; banks and business failed and unemployment grew across the nation

William Henry Harrison

nominated by the Whigs for presdient; the 9th president of the US; died of pneumonia after a month in office

John Tyler

Harrison’s running mate and vice president; the 10th president of the US