AP World Chapter 3 and 4

Motives for Exploration

God, Gold, and Glory

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain

Technologies that promoted exploration

• Stronger Ships

• Sternmost Rudder

• Ships used both square and triangular sails (lateen)

• Magnetic compass

• Astrolabe

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, entering the Indian Ocean.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain. First to circumnavigate the globe. Died during voyage and only 18 of his crew survived.

James Cook

English explorer who explored southern Pacific. Visited Australia.

Cash Crops

Crops grown in large amounts to be sold for profit:

• Tabacco

• Cotton

• Sugar cane

The VOC

Dutch East India Company, a joint stock company.

Dutch-Indonesia trade

Dutch controlled spice trade in Indian Ocean. Kicked out the Portuguese and English.

Columbian Trade

Exchange of goods(food plants animals) people, slavery, and disease(small pox) between eruope and america

Pros of Columbian exchange

Surge in world population thanks to new crops

African Slave Trade

African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America, in America they would work in mines & plantations. The profit went to europe where they built goods to then be sold to Africans. It was a triangle.

Thomas Aquinas

Scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

Who started the Protestant Reformation?

Ninety-Five Theses

List of reasons why the Catholic church is corrupt and called for a reform.

Indulgences

Preferential pardons for donors to the

church

Henry VIII

Became Protestant so he could divorce his wife because he wanted a son. Converted England to Protestant and became head of the English church.

John Calvin

Attempted to reform the Protestant Church, follower are called Calvinist.

Effect of the Protestant Reformation

Religious tensions build between Protestants and Catholics.

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

A movement in the Roman Catholic Church where it sought to make changes to itself in response to the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

Series of meeting between officials of the Catholic Church to reform the church.

Soceity of Jesus (Jesuits)

Religious scholars with rigorous religious and secular education. Effective missionaries and counseled kings.

Cause of witch hunts

Religious divisions fueled social and political conflicts.

War of Three Henry's

Persecution of the Huguenots. Resulted in Bartholomew's Day Massacre

How did Queen Elizabeth rule with religion

She converted England back to Protestant but had tolerance for Catholics.

How did Queen Elizabeth her concern of Spain

She hired privateers and funded rebellion in Spain

Spanish Armada

Spains giant navy the attack England

How did Queen Elizabeth deal with the Spanish Armada

Launched burning ship into the middle of Spains fleet

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years' War

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Fernando and Isabel

Marriage united Spain, funded the Spanish Armada and the Spanish Inquisition.

Constitutional Governments

Government type that saw a rise in this time period. Kingdoms would still keep their king but limit their power with a constitution and parliament.

New Monarchs

European monarchs who created professional armies and a strong central government. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church.

Glourious Revolution

A bloodless coup in England. Established William and Mary as rulers after Oliver Cromwell died.

King Louis XIV (Sun King)

Absolute control over France. Said "The State - That's me." Built magnificent palace in Versailles.

Cardinal Richelieu

Designed French absolutism under King Louis XIV.

• Destroyed castles of nobles

• Built bureaucracy to bolster royal power

• Attacked Huguenots (Calvinists)

Peter I (the Great)

• Worked to modernize Russia based on western model

• New capital in St. Petersburg

• Forbid beards.

Catherine II (the great)

• Divided Russia into 50 administrative provinces

- Huge military expansion

- Began with social reform.

Pugachev Rebellion

Peasant rebellion under Catherine II, which ended her social reforms.

Putting-out system

A system in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who is know as the founder of modern capitalism.

The Wealth of Nations

Book written by Adam Smith which argued that capitalism is good.

Ptolemaic Universe (Geocentric)

The idea the Earth was the center of the universe, not the sun. This is what Christian believed to be true.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who stated that the sun was in the center of the universe and that the universe is in motion not static.

Heliocentric

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

What book did Nicholas Copernicus write

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Johannes Kepler

Showed that planets move in a elliptical orbit, no circular.

Issac Newton

British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus.

What book did Newton Write

Principia

Mulatteos

Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves

Zambos

Descendants of African slaves and natives

Harnan Cortes

Lead exploration in the Aztec Empire and has conflicts with Motecuzoma II.

What do the Spanish do after being forced out of the Aztec Empire

They lay siege on Tenochtitlan. Which falls because of smallpox that the Spanish brought.

Motecuzoma II

Last Aztec emperor who was overthrown by Hernan Cortes

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas by taking advantage of a division between the ruling family

Huascar and Atahualpa

Incan ruling brothers in Peru who had a dispute, Pizzaro exploited differences between the two, Pizzaro held a conference and killed Inca ruling elites but spared Atahualpa until he gave a lot of gold

Viceroy

A governor who would report to the king. Spain used them in the Americas.

Audiencias

Local courts who supervised the viceroys

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between the Spanish and Portuguese that divid the entire non-christian world between them.

• Spain: Latin America

• Portugal: Brazil

Hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates. Plantations.

Mita System

System of conscripted labor. Spanish forced 1/7 of men to work for 4 months. Would rotate men every 4 months.

Importance of Silver in Latin America

• Made Spain very rich and powerful

• Very popular in Chinese markets

• It powerfully stimulates global trade

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism. Reputation for working miracles.

Songhay

• Successor state to Mali

• Lucrative trans-Sahara trade

• Muslim state

Sunni Ali

First great ruler of Songhai, who established the empire

• Appointed governors to oversee provinces

• Powerful military

- Made imperial navy to patrol the Niger river

King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I)

King of Kongo who converted to Christianity and established relation with Portugal. Relationship was based on slave trade.

"Kongo of the Bell"

Phrase that is associated with the many church's built in the Kongo.

Queen Nzinga

Queen of Ndongo who tried to drive the Portugal out, but failed. Posed as a male king.

Khoikhoi (Hottentots)

Native people in South Africa who the Dutch encountered.

Antonian Movement

Was a syncretic Christian movement formed in the kingdom of Kongo. Claimed Jesus was black and the Kongo was the Holy Land.

Dona Beatriz

Founder of the Antonian Movement. She was burned at the stake because of it.

Islam in Africa

Spread in commercial center in West Africa and Swahili States

Christianity in Africa

The Kongo converted to Catholic, Ethiopia is still Christian.