BIO 111 Quiz #1

5 properties of life

1. made of cells

2. requires energy

3. autonomous replication

4. process information

5. evolves

2 types of cells

prokaryotic (don't have a membrane) and eukaryotic (have a membrane + inside the nucleus)

what is autonomous replication

a process where organisms produce viable offspring and pass on genetic information

2 general types of reproduction

asexual and sexual

4 steps in 'process information'

1. sense environment

2. react

3. process own internal genetic information

4. maintain homeostasis

requirements for life

1. life requires liquid water

2. life uses a common set of biological macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids)

not essential for life

oxygen, light, neutral pH environments, 'moderate' temperatures

review 7 steps of scientific method

review 7 steps of scientific method

3 domains of life

1. bacteria

2. archaea

3. eukarya

define theory of common descent

similarity between cells and organisms that imply all living things share a common ancestor

define theory of evolution

divergence and differences among modern species arose as a result of changes in the characteristics or population

define hypothesis

proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon (must be testable and falsifiable)

define theory

an explanation of a broad class of phenomena that is supported by a wife body of evidence

define evolution

how population or organisms change across generations (descent with modification)

define variability

population of a species have traits with a range of characteristics

define scientific theory

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

define heritability

traits of parents are inherited (passed on) by offspring

define differential reproductive success

individuals with different characteristics produces different numbers of offspring that survive and reproduces

define genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism

define phenotype

the structural, physiological, and behavioral traits of an organism

"central dogma" of biology

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

transcription -> translation

define gene expression

how genetic info (in DNA) is used to make protein

define transcription

RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of one strand of DNA

define tRNA charging

charging enzymes (aaRS) match and join amino acids and tRNAs

define translation

ribosomes make a protein by matching tRNAs to an mRNA and joining amino acids in a chain

4 classes of organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

define nucleotide

basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

ex. adeline, thymine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

chargaff's rule

A=T and C=G

what do proteins package in DNA

eukaryotic (histones) and prokaryotic DNA (other proteins)

define chromosome

a strand of DNA or 2 replicated strands of DNA joined by a centromere

define genome

is all the genetic material (e.g. DNA) of an organism

bacteria and archaea characteristics

organisms without a nucleus, frequently 1 large circular supercoiled chromosome, multiple small circular plasmids, and genome usually found in cytoplasm

eukaryotes characteristics

single and multicellular organisms whose cells have a nucleus, variable numbers of linear chromosome, genome found in the nucleus

RNA differences

1. uses uracil in place of thymine

2. usually remains single stranded

3. most fold up; some have enzymatic activity

different types of RNA

1. mRNA (messenger)

2. tRNA (transfer)

3. rRNA (ribosomal)

how many amino acids are there

20

amino acid non-polar side chains are

hydrophobic

amino acid electrically charged side chains are

hydrophilic

define polypeptide

chain of amino acids

what is the promoter

binding site for RNA polymerase (transcription begins here)

what is the terminator

signals the end of transcription

what is the enhancer

used to turn on the gene