Oral Communication

Communication

A two-way process by which information is exchanged between people through common systems.

Verbal Communication

The use of words and language to convey messages between people.

Oral Language

Involves speaking and active listening.

Written Language

Includes written texts, chats, notes, Braille, and alphabets.

Sign Language

Uses gestures to represent words.

Non-Verbal Communication

Communication through body language and gestures that adds to verbal communication.

Facial Expressions

Emotions conveyed through a person’s face.

Gestures

Indicate words or phrases in communication.

Paralinguistics

Refers to the tone of voice, including loudness and pitch.

Body Language and Posture

Shows attitudes and is less definite than verbal communication.

Proxemics

The study of distance between persons and personal space.

Eye Gaze

Looking or staring that indicates emotion.

Haptics

Communication through touch.

Appearance

How people perceive you based on your clothing and uniform.

Artifacts

Objects that communicate identity through images, such as uniforms and IDs.

Elements of Communication

Components including sender, message, receiver, channel, noise, and feedback.

Sender

The initiator of the communication process who conveys the message.

Message

The content that the sender communicates.

Receiver

The listener or audience who interprets the message.

Channel

The medium through which the message is passed, either verbal or non-verbal.

Noise

Interference that disrupts the communication process.

Feedback

The response from the receiver that indicates interpretation of the message.

Communication Models

Frameworks that describe the process of communication.

Aristotle’s Model

A model primarily for public speaking.

Laswell’s Model

A model used for propaganda.

Shannon and Weaver Model

A model related to the Bell telephone communication.

Schramm’s Model

A model where both sender and receiver exchange information.

SMCR Model

A model that includes source, message, channel, and receiver.

Wood’s Model

The only transactional model focusing on the relationship between communicators.

Types of Models

Includes linear, interactive, and transactional models of communication.

Linear Model

A one-way communication model with no feedback.

Interactive Model

Schramm’s model where both sender and receiver play the same role.

Transactional Model

Wood’s model where roles of sender and receiver reverse or change.

Communication Barriers

Factors that hinder effective communication.

Language Barrier

Challenges arising from different languages.

Semantic Barrier

Different interpretations of words, including slang and jargon.

Syntactic Barrier

Issues caused by grammar mistakes and errors.

Physical/Environmental Barrier

Limitations such as noise that affect communication.

Physiological Barrier

Disabilities that impact communication, such as being mute or deaf.

Emotional/Psychological Barrier

Difficulties in expressing feelings due to anxiety or fear.

Cultural Barrier

Misunderstandings arising from different cultural backgrounds.

Kinship

Relationships within families and organizations.

Sexuality or Gender

Variations in openness regarding gender across cultures.

Religion

The influence of specific religions on understanding and communication.

Cultural Taboos

Social prohibitions that vary across cultures.

Dress Code

Expectations for how one should dress in different countries.

Food and Eating Habits

Variations in dietary practices and utensils used across cultures.