Oral Communication

Oral Communication


Communication

  • From the latin word “Communicare”

  • Means working as one

  • Two way process by which information is exchanged between people through common systems


Verbal Communication

  • Words and language

  • Most common/familiar

  • Spoken words that lead to convey messages between people


  • Oral Language

  • Speaking and active listening


  • Written Language

  • Written texts, chats, etc.

  • Notes read to self

  • Braille and alphabets


  • Sign Language

  • Gestures to represent words


Non-Verbal Communication

  • Communication through body language and gestures

  • Adds onto verbal communication


  • Facial Expressions

  • Emotion through a person’s face


  • Gestures

  • Indicates words or phrases

  • Paralinguistics

  • Tone of voice

  • Loudness, pitch, etc.


  • Body Language and Posture

  • Shows attitudes

  • Less definite


  • Proxemics

  • Distance between persons

  • Personal space


  • Eye Gaze

  • Looking, staring, etc.

  • Indicates emotion


  • Haptics

  • Touching through communication


  • Appearance

  • How people see you

  • How you wear your uniform or clothes


  • Artifacts

  • Objects and things that communication who you are through images

  • Uniforms, IDs, etc.


Elements of Communication

  • Sender

  • Encoder, source

  • Initiates the communication process

  • Conveys message or info


  • Message

  • What the sender sends

  • Content of communication


  • Receiver

  • Listener, audience, decoder

  • Who receives the message

  • Effectiveness relies on ability to interpret the message


  • Channel

  • How the message is passed

  • Could be verbal or non verbal


  • Noise

  • Interference or disruption of process

  • Prevents smooth communication


  • Feedback

  • Turn taking or taking of turns

  • Switching of roles

  • Receivers will interpret and respond


Communication Models

  • Aristotle’s Model

  • Mainly for public speaking



  • Laswell’s Model

  • For propaganda

  • Shannon and Weaver

  • For the Bell telephone






  • Schramm

  • Both the sender and receiver take turns in exchanging information









  • SMCR

  • Has the source message channel and receiver

  • Source and receiver have different attributes
















  • Wood’s Model

  • The only transactional model

  • Focuses on the relationship between communicators










  • Types of Models

    • Linear

  • One way

  • No feedback


  • Interactive

  • Schramms’ is the only interactive model

  • Both receiver and sender play the same role


  • Transactional

  • Wood’s is the only interactive model

  • The roles reverse or change


Communication Barriers

  • Factors that stop communication from effectively occurring


  • Language Barrier

  • Different languages


  • Semantic Barrier

  • Different interpretations of the words

  • Includes slang and jargon

  • Informal words are included


  • Syntactic Barrier

  • Grammar mistakes and errors


  • Physical/Environmental Barrier

  • Physical limitations like noise


  • Physiological Barrier

  • Disabilities

  • Mute, deaf, blind, etc.


  • Emotional/Psychological Barrier

  • Failure to express feelings or emotion

  • Through anxiety, fear, nervousness, etc.



  • Cultural Barrier

  • Different understandings due to different cultures

  • May cause confusion due to differences


  • Kinship

  • Families and organizations


  • Sexuality or Gender

  • Some countries are open and closed

  • Culture to culture variation


  • Religion

  • Some have specific religions that change understanding and clothing


  • Cultural Taboos

  • Includes many taboos universal and per culture


  • Dress Code

  • How one should dress in one country vs another varies


  • Food and Eating Habits

How people eat or what they use to eat also varies from culture to culture