Micturition and urinalysis

what is teh point of the the vesicoureteric reflex

to prrevent urinary reflus back to the kidneys which would increase the renal pressure and lead to a reduction in GFR - doesn’t prevent the movement into the bladder as peristalsis overcomes this reflex

what are the two things that make the urothelium stretchy

rugae

transitional epithelium with stretchy umbrella cells

what are the effects of incomplete emptying

residual urine causes

infection

stone formation

GFR increase

how can you trigger a large animal to urinate

whistle

vulval stimulation

ruminant - stress

what causes the IUS to open

increased detrusor muscle contraction in response to increased stretch-receptor firing in positive feedback increases the intravesical pressure which relaxes the IUS

what is micturition initially ocntrolled by

a spinal reflex, then the development of the CNS means it can be controlled through somatic influence

what substances are found in free-catch and manual expression urine

WBCs waxy cast calcium oxalate crystals, hair, litter, skin cells, sperm

what happens in storage

increased leukocytes, change pH, change cell integrity, change bacterial counts

what is the disadvantage of cystocentesis

it leads to RBCs in the urine and leads to sedation requiredwher

where shhould the needle be placed in cystocentesis

caudally towards the trigone region

which species have turbid urine

guinea pig

rabbit

horse

which speices ahve urine that changes colour depending on which three factors

rabbit and guinea pig

diet stress dehydration

what is the somatic innervation

pudendal nerve for afferent and efferent from sacral plexus S1-S3