Linguistics Midterm Review

icon

a sign that resembles what it represents

index

a sign that is directly connected to what it represents

symbol

a sign that has a learned connection to what it represents

representamen

the form the sign takes 

object

the thing or idea the sign refers to in the real world

interpretant

the meaning or idea you get from the sign

sign

something that stands for something to someone

variable

when the same function has multiple forms in lanugage

variant

different forms of a variable

variety

any kind of recongnizable “type” of language

variation

refers to linguistic differences

register

a linguistic repertoire that is associated, culture internally, with particular social practices and with persons who engage in such practices

linguistic repertoire

all the languages, dialects, and styles a person can use

social domain

the context or area of social life where certain language styles are used

mutual unintelligibility

when speakers of two language varietes do not understand each other

language family

a group of languages that come from a common ancestor

genetic diversity

the variety of languages or branches within a language family

proto-language

the earliest, reconstructed ancestor of a language family

linguistic relativity

the idea that the language you speak can influence how you think or perceive the world

structural diversity

differences in how languages are organized or built

false

true or false - Cahokia and Cliff Palace are archeological sites that prove that the United States was sparsely populated before European settlement

true

true or false - The Pristine Myth is the belief that the Americas were untouched and barely inhabited at the time of European Settlement

According to Mithun, languages belonging to different language families are an example of what kind of diverstity

Genetic

The hearsay particle in Yup’ik is an example of the relation between linguistic structures and world view according to Mithun because…

In Yup’ik speakers often have to indicate if the message is hearsay

hearsay particle

a word or marker in a language that shows the speaker is reporting something they heard from someone else

linguistic structures

the patterns or rules that make up a language, like sounds, words, sentences, and grammaringuistic structures

morpheme

the smallest unit of meaning in a language

ethnocentrism

judging other cultures based on the standards of your own culture

historical particularism

the idea that each culture develops in its own way and must be studied on its own history and context

salvage anthropology

studying and recording a culture before it disappears

anthropology to fix society

using anthropology to solve real-world problems or improve society

alternating sounds

when a sound in a word changes depending on the context or word form

cultural relativity

the idea that a culture should be understood based on its own values and context, not judged by another culture

false

true or false - Franz Boas believed that all cultures and lanugages pass through the same stages of development, and some are more advanced than others

false

true or false - In Anthropology, Holism means only looking at humanity through a single lens

Sapir and Whorf both believed

Studying language is integral to studying culture

Language use is often linked to unconscious patterns

How have Native American Languages shaped linguistic anthropology

All of the Above

language death

when a language stops being spoken and no one learns it anymore

language revitalization

efforts to bring a dying or dead language back into use

false

true or false - When languages start borrowing words from other languages, they are at risk of going extinct

true

true or false - By 2050, experts project that there will only be 20 Native Languages spoken in the United States

Settler Colonialism is

A reason for language loss among native people

Language Revitalization is important because

All of the above

structural linguistics

studying how language is organized by looking at sounds, words, and grammar patterns

structuralism

studying systems and rules behind human behavior, culture, or language to see how parts work together

generative linguistics

the study of rules in the mind that let people create and understand sentences

sociolinguistics

the study of how language is used in society and how it varies with social factors.

linguistic anthropology

the study of how language shapes and is shaped by culture and society

historical linguistics

the study of how languages change over time and how they are related

According to De Saussure, the relationship between signifier and signified in a sign is

Arbitrary

Generative Linguistics is interested in

Universal Principles and Parameters

Structures of Language

true

true or false - William Labov prompted department store workers to say “fourth floor” to study the relation between prounciation and class identity

false

true or false - Linguistic Ethnography is mostly a quantitative method of research

linguistic ethnography

studying how people use language in their daily lives within a cultural context

true

true or false - According to Sapir all social behavior involves communication

Which of the following would be an example of a gesture, according to Sapir

Sarcastic intonation while speaking

According to Sapir, what makes social behavior unconsious

When people know the form but not the function of a behavior

false

true or false - According to Sapir, social scientists should only study the function of behavior if it is widely known

signifier

the sound that makes up a word

signified

the concept that the signifier refers to

yellow signs represent caution

Symbol

The map represents the shape of a mountain

Icon

a watervane represents the direction of the wind

Index

A Wisonsin accent represents being from Wisconsin

Index

A painting of a flower represents a flower

Icon

The word “cup” represents a thing that holds liquid

Symbol

The three parts of Peirce’s sign are…

interpretant, representamen, object

true

true or false - For Peirce meaning can be related to the physical world

The relationship between representamen and object is called the

Ground

In an Index, the relation between the representamen and the object is

Often casual, but not replication

an emoji represents a lady dancing

icon

using an emoji of a lady dancing represents being young and cool

index

the sounds of the word “dance” represent coordinated movement to music

index

symbol

A cocktail umbrella represents a beach umbrella is

Icon

A jagger bomb representing a “frat boy” is

index

A drink tasting like a trophical vacation is

index

The word “beer” representing a fermented wheat beverage with hops

symbol

What do we call a language form that shows up in one specific region

Isogloss

The Harvard Dialect Survey was important because

It was the first dialect survey done on the internet

How are dialect boundaries identified

the presense of lots of isoglosses

Why is a phonetic alphabet important for dialect mapping

It makes it possible to capture sounds differences in writing

Bubbler

VARRIANT

What do you call something you drink water out of

VARIABLE

Drinking founatin

VARIANT

Wisconsin English

VARIETY

Not everyone says drinking fountain!

VARIATION

“How many syllables a person has in the word ‘caramel’” is an example of what?

Variable

Pronouncing “caramel” with two syllables instead of three is a…”

Variant

Not everyone says caramel the same way, there are different ways of speaking

Variation

Working class Boston Speech is an example of…?

Variety

false

true or false - Gumperz is a Variationalist Linguist

Variationalist linguistics is useful for understanding…

How variants correlate statistically to regional and social identity

true

true or false - Code Switching is when a language user intentionally changes the variety they are using during a conversation

Interactional linguistics is useful for understanding

How language varieties are used in everyday contexts

enregisterment

when a way of speaking becomes linked to a social identity or group

semantic meaning

the literal meaning of a word or sentence

pragmatic meaning

the meaning of words in context, including what the speaker intends

meta-pragmatics

how people talk about or signal the rules of language use in context

Linguistic Repertoire is

All of the linguistic forms associated with a register

true

true or false - A register is a linguistic repertoire that is associated with particular social practices andwith persons who engage in such practices