QUIZ 1: Principles of Disease Prevention

• Productivity loss

• Income loss

• Increased replacement cost

• Zoonotic disease\suboptimal use of production potential

• Tourism, wildlife and biodiversity

• Food security

Several adverse effect of preventing diseases in animals

is a deviation from normal health that temporarily impairs vital functions. The effects

are generally temporary because treatment can often restore normal function.

Disease

• Host

• Agent

• Environment

Triad Factors

• Pieitrain

• Polan china

• Landrace

• Duroc

Breeds predispose to Porcine Stress Syndrome

Dose

The amount of the causative agent.

Virulence

The degree of pathogenicity of the agent; different strains vary in virulence.

Infectivity

The agent's ability to infect the host.

Toxicity

The agent's ability to produce toxins

• Stocking Density

• Animal Movement

• Housing

• Environmental Conditions: Weather events like typhoons or El Niño.

• Nutrition

Environmental Factors;

These factors pertain to the animal's surroundings:

True or False. If the agent is favored (e.g., increased virulence), disease occurrence may increase.

True

True or False. If the proportion of susceptible hosts increases (e.g., non-vaccinated animals), disease risk rises.

True

True or False. Environmental changes favoring the agent's spread can lead to outbreaks.

True

True or False. Environmental stressors (e.g., heat, draft) can alter the host's susceptibility to disease.

True

Biosecurity

refers to the measures implemented to protect a biological system (e.g., farm animals)from harmful microorganisms, aiming to reduce health risks for both animals and humans.

• Reduces the risk of zoonosis, improving quality assurance and reducing medication use. 

• Lowers disease incidence in animals, decreasing mortality and medication costs. 

• Improves overall farm performance, leading to increased profit.

Importance of Biosecurity

• External Biosecurity (Bioexclusion)

• Internal Biosecurity (Biocontainment)

2 types of Biosecurity

External Biosecurity (Bioexclusion)

Practices aimed at preventing the entry of new diseases Into a herd.

Internal Biosecurity (Biocontainment)

Practices aimed at preventing the spread of disease within an existing herd.

• Cleaning and disinfection of vehicles entering the farm

• Shower in, shower out

• Strictly avoid bringing uncooked meats and meat products into the farm

• Equipment and supplies must pass through a fumigation box or be sprayed with disinfectant. o Fumigation boxes commonly use potassium permanganate and formalin.

• Observe a 24-hour break cycle (can extend up to 7 days)

• Prevent stray animals (dogs, cats, birds)

• Control rodents, flies, and birds.

Common Biosecurity Measures

.9 sqm/head to1.0 sqm /head

Number of animals per unit area

All in, All Out System

is a disease prevention and control method where animals are moved into and out of buildings as a group.

• Improved herd health

• Organized work

• Optimizing buiding use

• Improved technical and economic results

Advantages of All in, All out system

• Assessing animals thermal comfort

• Stocking density

• Feed and water supply

• Provision of hospital pen

What are the Environmental Management

involve cleaning and disinfecting facilities, including surfaces and water pipes. It's crucial to observe a rest period, during which no animals are present in the building, to break the cycle of disease agents

Sanitation and hygiene

True or false. A Longrest period is minimum of 7 days, generally used when there hasn't been a major disease outbreak. Short rest period is a month or 3 months, recommended after a disease outbreak to effectively break the disease cycle.

False. A Short rest period is minimum of 7 days, generally used when there hasn't been a major disease outbreak. Long rest period is a month or 3 months, recommended after a disease outbreak to effectively break the disease cycle.

is the implementation of hygienic measures to promote health and prevent disease. It goes beyond simply removing visible dirt; it requires cleaning and disinfection to eliminate microorganisms.

Sanitation

Composting

It involves layering carcasses with a carbon source and manure, allowing the natural heating process to break down the carcass. This process typically takes 4 to 6 months.

• Windrow

• Wooden bin

• Wie bin mini composter

Compost types

Incineration

involves burning the carcass in a furnace at high temperatures. It produces a pathogen and odor-free solid-based product.

Tissue Digestion

uses alkaline hydrolysis (or sometimes acid hydrolysis) to digest the carcass. A strong alkaline solution combined with high temperature solubilizes and hydrolyzes tissues, resulting in a neutralized solution of amino acids, peptides, sugars, and soap.

Burial

involves burying the carcass in the ground.

Rendering

involves cooking the carcass to destroy pathogens and produce usable end products such as meat, feather, bone, and blood meal. This process offers the opportunity to recycle the dead carcass into valuable feed products.

Effective Environmental Temperature (EET)

accounts for heat gains and losses in an animal's surroundings, including air temperature effects.

True or False. Smaller animals requires lower EET

False. Smaller animals requires higher EET

True or false. Larger animals requires higher EET

False. Large animals requires lower EET

Cold Chain

Vaccines must be delivered and maintained at a low temperature throughout the entire process, from delivery to administration. This is known as maintaining the

1. 10% & 8%

2. 15% & 12%

3. 4%

1. Pigs typically drink water equivalent to _____ of their body weight, but this decreases to _____ when the water is medicated.

2. In warm weather, water consumption increases to _____ of body weight, decreasing to _____ when medicated.

3. Pigs typically eat around ____ of their body weight.

Natural Resistance

An intrinsic property of the organism (e.g., presence of a capsule).

Acquired Resistance

Developed due to prolonged or indiscriminate use of antimicrobials.

1. Alteration of target site

2. Decrease uptake

3. Efflux system (tetracycline resistance)

4. Enzymatic inactivation or modification

5. Bypass pathway

6. Regulation of gene expression

Mechanism of Resistance