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Apoptosis
The programmed cell death process that removes damaged or unwanted cells, preventing the spread of mutations.
RAS protein
A protein involved in cell signaling that, when activated by GTP binding, regulates cell growth and division.
RTK (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase)
A family of receptors that, when bound by growth factors, undergo dimerization and become activated, triggering downstream signaling pathways.
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that encode proteins that inhibit cell cycle progression, preventing excessive cell growth and division.
Oncogenes
Genes that, when mutated, lead to unregulated cell cycle progression and can contribute to the formation of cancer.
G1 to S checkpoint
A critical point in the cell cycle where a cell checks for growth factors and DNA integrity before proceeding to DNA synthesis.
Growth factors
Proteins that stimulate cell division and growth by binding to RTKs and activating signaling pathways.
Cyclins
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), helping control progression through checkpoints.
E2F transcription factor
A protein that, when released from the RB protein, promotes the transcription of genes necessary for DNA replication.
MAP kinase pathway
A signaling pathway involving RAS, RAF, MEK, and MAPK that regulates cell division and differentiation.
Cell cycle
The series of phases that a cell goes through in order to grow and divide, including G1, S, G2, and M phases.
Cancer
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, often resulting from mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Cdk (Cyclin-dependent kinase)
A protein kinase that, when activated by binding to a cyclin, phosphorylates target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward.
Securin
A protein that inhibits separase to prevent premature separation of sister chromatids during cell division.
RB protein (Retinoblastoma protein)
A tumor suppressor protein that binds to E2F and inhibits the cell cycle until phosphorylated by a cyclin-CDK complex.
Mutations
Changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to altered protein function and potentially contribute to cancer.
M phase
The phase of the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur, leading to the division of the cell into two daughter cells.
