2.0 biodiversity VOCAB

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34 Terms

1
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genetic diversity

- differences in DNA composition in a given population

- low = inbreeding depression [fewer diversity in genes —> disease/weak health]

2
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- species richness

- species evenness

- abundance

—> number of total species in an area

—> relative proportion of how many individuals are in a species

—> number of individuals of a species in an area

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ecosystem diversity

variety of ecosystems in a particular area

—> rise of elevation can increase vegetation diversity for more animal species

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evolution

genetically based change in populations of organisms across generations

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natural selection

differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in traits

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adaptations

traits that change over time to support an increased success in an environment

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artificial selection

humans select which individuals to breed [dog breeds]

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mutation

an accidental change in DNA that can range from deletion, substitution, or insertion

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convergent evolution

very unrelated species acquire similar traits as they adapt

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speciation

new species are generated; species become so different that they do not reproduce

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allopatric speciation

species form after populations become physically separated over some geographic distance

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phylogenetic trees

treelike diagram that represents the history of divergence of species

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keystone species

species with strong/wide-reaching impact out of proportion to its abundance

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trophic cascade

changes that occur down the food chain when a keystone species is removed [gray wolf video]

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ecosystem engineer

physically change the environment [beavers, elephants]

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disturbance

an event that affects environmental conditions rapidly and drastically, resulting in changes to the community and ecosytem

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resistance

the ability of a community to remain stable in the presence of a disturbance

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resilience

the ability of a community to change in response to disturbance but later return to its original state

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primary succession

happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first time —> follows a disturbance so severe that no vegetation or soil life remains

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secondary succession

beings when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy all life and organic matter —> some vegetation or soil life remains and helps shape the succession process

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pioneer species

adapted for colonization; first species to arrive in new community [small plants, moss]

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fragmentation

occurs when large areas of habitat are divided into smaller, disconnected ones

causes: logging, building roads, agriculture [impacts species that depend on larger territories

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edge effects

impact on organisms/communities that results because conditions along the edge of a habitat fragment differ from conditions in the interior

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island biogeography theory

explains how the number of species on an island results from a balance between the number added by immigration and the number lost through local extinction

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winner species characteristics

- generalists, using many resources/habitats

- geographically widespread

- small, fast-reproducing, and fast adaptation skills

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loser species characteristics

- specialists on certain resources/habitats

- limited to small range

- large, slow-reproducing, and needing of stable conditions

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extinction

last member of a species dies and the entire species ceases to exist

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local extinction

disappearance of a particular species from a given area

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background extinction rate

average rate of extinction that occurred before human existence

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mass extinction event

large proportion of the world’s species in a very short time due to some extreme and rapid change [earth has 5, almost 6]

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major causes of biodiversity loss [5]

  1. habitat loss [farming, urban development, deforestation]

  2. pollution

  3. overharvesting [trees, fishing, poaching]

  4. invasive species

    • climate change [fossil fuels and gas emissions]

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introduced species

species introduced by human beings form one place to another

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invasive species

species that spreads widely and rapidly becomes dominant in a community, interfering with the community’s normal functioning

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conservation biology

understanding factors that influence the loss, protection, and restoration of biodiversity [used to develop solutions to habitat degradation and species loss]