Unit : AP European History The Transformation of Eastern Europe 168 - 1740

"knights of the empire"

Imperial Knights of the Holy Roman Empire who were apart of the overarching Social Structure of the Empire.

Electors of the Holy Roman Empire

The people who were in charge of electing the Holy Roman Emperor, often going with the Habsburg family. They were from the 7 most powerful states in the HRE.

Germanic Liberties

Freedom of member states from central control of the emperor or empire to safeguard all privileges and immunities of the states.

Hohenzollerns

This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia.

Habsburgs

German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe

Polish Liberties

Similar to German liberties, and were upheld and decreased the power of the already poorly effective king.

Liberum Veto

Rule of the Polish Parliament that any governmental action needed unanimous vote of the legislature.

"exploding" the diet

To use the liberum veto to break apart a diet.

Capitulations

Agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Ottoman Empire

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan.

Habsburg "hereditary provinces"

Upper and Lower Austria, along with the adjoining Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola.

Siege of Vienna 1683

Austrians under Leopold I successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna; last attempt by the Ottoman Empire to take central Europe.

Prince Eugene of Savoy

Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736)

Peace of Karlowitz 1699

Signed in 1699; freed Austrians from Turkish threat, enabled them to focus on affairs in Western Europe

Treaty of Rastadt March 1714

Treaty that confirmed Philip V as king of Spain. Gave Gibraltar to England, making it a Mediterranean power. Won Louis's recognition of the right of the House of Hanover to accede to the English throne.

Peace of Belgrade 1739

Drew a new frontier that, on the Austrian side, remained unchanged until the twentieth century; Turks continued to hold Romania and Balkan Peninsula

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary.

Charles VI of Austria 1711 - 1740

Instituted the Pragmatic Sanction in 1713, forbidding the Hapsburg lands from ever dividing.

Charles XII

Swedish King who was involved and interested in military affairs in Sweden that would involve them in wars. He lost much of his land to Russia, making Sweden's power short-lived.

March of Brandenburg

This was how Brandenburg was founded: as a mark or match of the Holy Roman Empire to fight against the Slavs on their boarders. Eventually this grew into a country of itself.

Drang nach Osten

German expansion into the Eastern end of Europe.

Brandenburg-Prussia

Group of German territories, ruled by the Hohenzollern family, that became one of Europe's most powerful states in the seventeenth century. Its military strength was supported by its hereditary landowners who were granted autonomy in their territories.

Crown Domain

Prussian rulers' personal property. Drew over half state income from this and only half from taxes. Able to finance cost of civil govt from own income until mid 17th. C. But eventually needed new source of income and army participated in collecting this. Taxes went to build up army.

King in Prussia

Frederick the Great.

Junkers (Prussia)

Prussia's nobility. They did not want to lose power, so they supported the Hohenzollerns in return for no taxes and complete control of peasants.

Canton System

Restricted all foreign trade to the port of Canton (trading season).

Maria Theresa

Empress of Austria whose main enemy was Prussia.

Pragmatic Sanction

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler.

Silesia

the part of Austria that Frederick the Great captured, and it started the War of Austrian Succession

Muscovy

The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.

Mongol Invasions of Russia

Mongols conquered Southern Russia and Ukraine and cut off ties with the rest of Europe. This led to Russia being culturally backwards and behind.

Ivan III

Moscow prince who led rebellion against Mongol rule.

Cossacks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Procurator of the Holy Synod

Not a churchman, but the head of a government bureau whose task was to see that the church did nothing displeasing to tsar

"Windows on the West"

Peter the Great's name for his capital, St. Petersburg as it was facing Western Europe and on the Gulf of the Baltic, Showing Peter's aspirations for Russia to become a powerful European nation alike to those of the West.

Battle Narva

1700. Charles XII of Sweden with 8,000 men routed Peter's army of 40,000 men. Peter resolved to improve his army further and later came back at Battle of Poltava.

Time of Troubles 1694-1613

The Russian nobles elected a series of tsars and demanded certain assurances of their own liberties, but the country was racked with contending factions and a civil war that resembled the European Wars of Religion in violence.

Micheal Romanov

Tsar of Russia who started the Romanov dynasty. got the throne because he was the Nephew of Ivan the Terrible.

Streltsi

A large number of soldiers in Moscow who were primarily the palace guards.

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.

Stephen Razin

Leader of a large Russian peasant rebellion in 1667-1671, scared the nobility into clamping down on the peasantry and giving more authority to the Tsar.

Old Believers

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century) and the retranslation of the Russian Bible because of a mistranslation; many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.

Gubernii

This refers to the government districts throughout Russia that were created by Peter the Great so that he would have his people running the government instead of the nobles.

"State Service"

Part of Peter's westernizing program. All landowning and serf-owning aristocrats required to work in either army or civil service. In this, birth played no role. Meritocracy only.

Duma

Russian Parliament.

Treaty of Nystadt - 1721

Ended the Great Northern War between Russia (Peter the Great) and Sweden.

Beard Tax

Peter's tax on beards.

Alexis

Tsar Nicholas II's son. Heir to the throne Had Haemohilia.

War of Polish Succession

1733, Dispute over who should be king. Two Polish kings were in fact German at this time. Louis XV of France trying to put father in law(Stanislas I - a native Pol) in power. But he was twice dethroned. Instead he was given Dukedom of Lorraine.

Galicia

Area between Poland and Ukraine

West Prussia

This territory was taken from Germany and given to Poland in the Treaty of Versailles.