Personal Development and Developmental Stages

Flashcards covering Personal Development theories, holistic development, psychological components of personality, and Erik Erikson's developmental stages based on the lecture transcript.

What is personal development?

The continuous process of improving oneself in various aspects of life, including skills, knowledge, and overall well-being, or discovering oneself by realizing potential shaped by formal schooling or environmental factors.

What is the famous quote of Socrates?

“An unexamined life is not worth living”

What is the famous quote of Aristotle?

“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom”

What is the famous phrase of Thomas Hobbes?

“Read Thyself”

Where did Thomas Hobbes use the phrase "Read Thyself"?

In his famous work The Leviathan.

What is the 4 things we should we know about ourselves?

• identity

• passion

• interest

• feelings

What is self-concept theory?

One’s abstract and general idea about himself/herself towards a unique personality, set of values, points of view and behavior.

What is the 3 parts of self-concept theory?

1. Self-image

2. Self-esteem

3. Ideal self

What is self-image?

The idea one has of one's abilities, appearance, and personality as part of the self-concept.

What is self-esteem?

A subjective evaluation that influences your confidence, motivation, and mental well-being.

What is ideal self?

A concept within self-concept theory that refers to the version of oneself that a person aspires to be.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

The founder of psychoanalysis who developed theories about the unconscious mind, sexuality, and dream interpretation.

What is the 3 components of personality?

1. Id

2. Ego

3. Superego

What is id?

The primitive and instinctive component of personality driven by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

What is ego?

The component of personality that mediates between the id's demands and the real world, operating on the reality principle.

What is superego?

The component of personality that incorporates social morals and values, acting as a conscience.

What is self efficacy?

An individual's belief in their capacity to succeed in specific situations or what they believe they can do with their abilities.

What is holistic development?

A process of self-actualization and learning that combines an individual's mental, physical, social, emotional and spiritual growth.

Who is Rene Descartes?

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist dubbed the father of modern western philosophy who stated “The mind is the seat of consciousness”.

What is duality?

Understanding the nature of things in a simple, dual mode,

What is the 5 dual character separation?

1. body and spirit

2. mind and body

3. yin and yang

4. good-bad

5. life-death

What is holism?

The idea that something should be understood as a whole rather than just as a collection of its parts.

What is gestalt?

A configuration so unified as a whole that its properties cannot be derived from a simple summation of its parts.

What is gestalt therapy?

A psychotherapeutic approach that supports the process of developing awareness.

What is the 5 various aspects of holistic development of persons?

1. Physiological

2. Cognitive

3. Psychological

4. Social

5. Spiritual

What is physiological?

The aspect of holistic development relating to physical attributes and the 5 senses.

What is cognitive?

The aspect of holistic development relating to intellectual functions.

What is psychological?

The aspect of holistic development relating to thinking, feeling, and behaving.

What is social?

The aspect of holistic development relating to manner interaction with others.

What is spiritual?

The aspect of holistic development relating to attribute of a person's consciousness, beliefs, and values.

What is emotions?

Derived from the Latin verb movare, meaning to move or be upset or agitated.

What is the 6 basic emotions by Paul Ekman?

1. Happiness/Joy

2. Sadness

3. Surprise

4. Fear

5. Anger

6. Disgust

Who is Dr. Antonio R. Damasio (2005)?

He proposed that feelings arise from the brain as it interprets an emotion caused by physical sensations from external stimuli.

What is attitudes?

A person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions about another person, object, idea, or situation based on values and belief systems.

What is behavior?

A manifestation or acting out of the attitudes an individual has.

What is value?

Culturally accepted norms related to a particular culture.

What is virtue?

The good qualities that people have within them as part of a culture.

What is adolescence?

The period of developmental transition between childhood and adulthood, generally spanning ages $10$ to $19$.

What is human development?

The focus on human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth.

Who is Erik Erikson?

He is German-born American developmental psychologist known for the theory of psychosocial development and coining the phrase identity crisis.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's stage during infancy where the infant develops a sense of trust in caregivers.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage during toddlerhood where children assert independence or feel shame if criticized.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's stage during preschool where children take initiative in play or feel guilt if discouraged.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage during school age involving the mastery of new skills or feeling inferior upon failure.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's stage during adolescence (ages approximately $12$ to $18$) where teens explore their sense of self and roles in society.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage during young adulthood focusing on seeking close relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage during middle adulthood involving contributions to society and the next generation.

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's stage during late adulthood where older adults reflect on life with acceptance or regret.

Stages of Human Development

The eight major stages of human growth:

1. Pre-natal Period

2. Infancy

3. Early Childhood

4. Late Childhood

5. Adolescence

6. Early Adulthood

7. Middle Adulthood

8. Old Age

Pre-natal Period

The stage from conception to birth.

Infancy

The stage form birth to 2 years.

Early Childhood

The stage from 2 to 6 years.

Late Childhood

The stage from 6 to 12 years.

Adolescence

The stage from about 13 to 18 years old, marked by puberty, identity development, and rapid physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes.

Early Adulthood

The stage from 18 to 40 years

Middle Adulthood

The stage from 40 years to retirement.

Old Age

The stage from retirement to death.

What changed in girls physical around puberty?

1. Breast development changes in body shape

2. Height growth of pubic and body hair

3. Start of periods (menstruation)

What changed in boys physical around puberty?

1. Growth of the penis and testes (testicles)

2. Changes in body shape

3. Height erections with ejaculation or masturbation

4. Growth of body and facial hair

5. Changes to voice

Self-esteem

How a person feels about themselves.

Peer Pressure

The influence of friends on a person's thoughts, feelings, or behavior.

Teens and Sex Talking

Teaching teenagers healthy attitudes toward sex and responsible sexual behavior.

Nature vs. Nurture

The exploration of the extent to which genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) influence an individual's traits.

What skills and task is appropriate for middle and late adolescence?

1. Adjust to sexually maturing bodies and feelings

2. Develop and apply abstract thinking skills

3. Develop and apply a new perspective on human relationships

4. Develop and apply new coping skills in areas such as decision – making, problem solving and conflict resolution.

5. Identify meaning moral standards, values and belief systems

6. Understand and express more complex emotional experiences

7. Form friendships that are mutually close and supportive

8. Establish key aspects of identity

9. Meet the demands of increasingly mature roles and responsibilities

10. Renegotiate relationships with adults in parenting roles