CLASSICAL PERIOD

Sumerian

first civilization began in mesopotamia (land between rivers)

Classical period

period of meso(middle) potam (river) between tigris and euphrates rivers

Classical period

period of agriculture irrigation and wheels for chariots

Cuneiform

classicql period: first writing system in clay tablet photographs

Ziggurat

classical period: Ur (mountain of god), a temple to serve god and goddesses

Uruk city

classical: first city, no building stones, made of sunbaked bricks

Annunaki

classical: group of deities/skygod, royal blood

Sexagesimal

classical: base 60 system

Sargon of akkad

classical/babylonian: akkadian empire

Babylonian

conquered by a man named sumu abum

Babylon

most popular city/ state from ancient mesopotamia

Code of hammurabi

babylonian: laws by hammurabi (first law giver) city to empire

The hanging gardens of babylon

babylon: one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world, by king nebuchadnezzar for his wife queen amytis (plants, trees, vines)

Babylonian

period of weapons made from bronze material, sexagasimal system w/ positional

Egyptian

period of nile river, king narmer to king’s pharaohs

Egyptian

period of temples, mummification, pyramids (pyramid of giza)

Egyptian arabic or masri

egyptian: famous dialect

Abstract form of hieratic

egyptian: writing

Egypt

fruit basket of europe/greece

Hieroglypics

egyptian: writing system used to record history and religious text

Cleopatra

egyptian: most significant person

Tutankhamun

egyptian: 19 years old young pharaoh whose tomb

Papyrus

egyptian: paper like material from papyrus plant used for documents

Egyptologist

studying egypt

Mesopotamia

currently known as iraq, located between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, home to ancient civilizations 

Babylonian

use sailboats and chariots as means of transportation

Ptolemaic dynasty

egyptian: dynasty that ruled Egypt for 275 years , founded by Ptolemy I Soter who’s a general under Alexander the Great, founded after the death of Alexander the Great

Rome

romans: republic ruled by the senate

forum, basilica, the oantheon, colosseum, maison caree

roman cities

Aqua appia

romans: first aqueduct

Gazette

romans: first newspaper

Julius ceasar

• most successful Roman empire

• conquered Egypt where Cleopatra is the queen

• conquest of gaul

Cleoparta

romans: the last active pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, she was known for her political acumen and romantic relationships with Roman rulers Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony.

Mark antony

romans: funeral oration, second husband of Cleopatra with twins and the youngest

Constantinople

romans: Emperor of modern-day Istanbul

• First roman emperor to convert into a Christian 

• Last emperor of Rome

• The first to put his face in a coin

• byzantium (constantine the great)

Musa

romans: father of algebra

Chinese

one of the world's four ancient civilization, middle kingdom

Shang dynasty

chinese: the written history of China dates back to this period

• known as the earliest dynasty in Chinese history

• a period of significant technological and cultural advancements 

Chinese

a period of silk, tea production, gun powder, compass, paper, medicine, porcelain, seed drill, wheelbarrow, GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Marco polo

drew the map of china, downfall of the empire

confucius

chinese: confiucianism

Lao tzu

chinese: all wise man, father of taoism

Silk road

china to mongolia to middle east

Alexander the great

greek: invaded Persia (currently known as Iran) and freed Egypt from the largest empire at that time which is the Persian Empire (332 BC) 

• he founded Alexandria in Egypt, which became the center of learning, trade, and cultural exchange

Socrates

greek: socratic method

• Father of Philosophy

• Father of Good Logic

• First founder of Academia 

• he believes that all living things have soul

• “the unexamined life is not worth living”

• died due to hemlock (poison) 

Plato

greek: student of Socrates

• Established the first university in Europe, the Academy

• Theory of Forms

• producer of Mathematician

• “love is a serious mental disease”

Aristotle

greek: Student of Plato 

• Teacher of Alexander the Great

• Father of geology, biology, scientific method

• founded the Lyceum

• Theory of Five Elements (fire, water, earth, air, aether)

• According to him, Earth is Geocentric

• made a book which classifies living beings

Thales of miletus

greek: considered as the first philosopher

• one of the Seven Sages of Greece

• known for his idea of cosmology based on water with Earth floating on a vast sea 

• was known for his trigonometry, engineering, and astronomy

• He discovered the solstice (earth is far from sun) and equinox (sun and earth is near)

Pythagoras

• Known for his Pythagorean Theorem 

• fascinated on pyramid leading to the formation of his concept of trigonometry

• believes that the universe follow mathematical laws

• known to predict the future as he can communicate with animals

• he likes to observe the cosmos and saw a bright star that he then called morning star (now Venus)

Empedocles

• gave the idea of Four Classical Elements (fire, water, earth, air), a theory that all substances are made of four pure indestructible elements

Archimedes

• Father of Mechanical Physics

• discovers the simple machines including the screw, fulcrum, and lever

• inventor of the catapult (used to destruct walls against invaders)

• he approximated the value of pi

• Principle of Buoyancy 

• made the idea of the “powers of 10”

Anaximander

• student of Thales

• developed the first idea of cosmos which is the Apeiron

• known for his cosmology, a systematic philosophical view of the world

• first to developed the map of the world

• uses Klepsydra as clock

Zeno of elea

dialectic, paradoxes, cosmology

Eratosthenes of cyrene

• Father of geography

• one of the friends of Aristotle

• first librarian in Alexandria Library

• amillary sphere

• first to drew the concept map of the world with longitude and latitude

• measured the circumference of the Earth around 25,000 miles

• he got the idea of axis and rotation of the Earth

• he conceptualized and created a calendar and the leap year

• he drew the crater of the moon

Anaxagoras

• the first to correctly explain the cause of solar eclipses

Hippocrates

• Father of medicine 

• first scientist to accurately described disease symptoms like pneumonia, as well as epilepsy in children

• Finger Clubbing (swelling or bloating of fingers)

• Cure for hemorrhoids (disorder of the rectum and anus. 

Galen

• King of medicine

• he drew human anatomy through dissecting a body.

• roman’s greatest physician

Ptolomy

• he proposed the idea of Geocentric model of universe (earth is the center)

• great grandpa of technology