Chapter 12- Hematopoietic disorders and anemia classification

Aplastic

Absent

Cell abnormality classification of changes

• cell number

• cell morphology

Cell abnormality characterized

• increased cellularity - hypercellular

• Decreased cellularity- hypocellular

RBC function

• transport and protect hemoglobin

• carry O2

• loss each day should equal production

Anemia basics

• decreased production of hemoglobin or increased loss or destruction

Anemia basic classifications

• regenerative or non-regenerative

Tests for anemia

• reticulocyte count

• erythrocyte indexes

• RBC morphology

• Bone marrow evaluation

Non-regenerative anemia

• bone marrow unable to respond to blood loss

• reticulocytes are absent in blood

Non-regenerative anemia common causes

• iron deficiency

• Ehrlichiosis

• drug toxicity

• histoplasmosis

• hypothyroidism

• renal insufficiency

Regenerative anemia

• increased reticulocyte count in blood

• bone marrow is responding to the blood loss

• most animals begin to regen in 4-7 days after initial cause of loss

Normocytic anemia

• normal size RBCs

• secondary to acute or chronic disorders

Macrocytic anemia

• transitory increase in response to regenerative anemia

microcytic anemia

• iron deficiency

  • hemoglobin concentration is dependent on the iron present

Hypochromatic

• reduced hemoglobin concentration

• newly released polychromatic retics

• iron deficiency

Normochromatic

• normal levels of hemoglobin

• most other types of anemia

Hemolytic anemia

• RBC destruction

• usually regenerative

Hemorrhagic

• acute or chronic blood loss

• history and clinical signs help determine cause

  • trauma, parasites, coagulopathy, neoplasia, cystitis, GI ulceration

Iron deficiency caused anemia

• nutritional or chronic blood loss

• microcytic RBCs, low MCHC (hemoglobin concentration)

Production disorders

• erythropoiesis reduced or defective

• normocytic

• chronic renal disease, hyperthyroidism,

• hypoadrenocorticism, bracken fern poisoning, iron or copper deficiency, parvovirus, lead toxicity, or bone marrow disease