Criminology Test #3

Hate Crime

Criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole/part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity

Neonaticide

Killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours after birth

Cyberbullying

Sending or posting harmful of cruel text or images using the internet and other digital communication devices

Serial Killing

Events in which an individual kills a number of individuals (min 3) over the course of time. Cooling off period can be days to years

Mass Murder

Killing of three or more persons at a single scene with no cooling-off period between murders

Spree Killing

Three or more individuals without any cooling-off period, usually at two or more different locationsn

Power Rape

Offender seeking to obtain control over the victim, sexual domination.

Con Rape

Offender approaching the victim and posing an authority figure such as a police officer or a security guard.

Surprise Rape

Offender waiting and targeting the victim, such as breaking in and waiting for them to arrive home

Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS)

Crime is linked to a cluster of problematic behavior habitually involving the family and poor decisions or actions by the individual.

Antisocial behavior

Turning Points

Informal mechanisms of social control

Boosters

Professional shoplifters

Fencing

Earning income by buying and reselling stolen merchandise

Hebephilia

Sexual contact by adults with young adolescents

Embezzlement

Individuals who are trusted with property and fraudulently converts the items to keep them for his or her own use, or the use of others

Age Graded Theory

Causal relationships between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior are not solely a product of individual characteristics, but of social events, which change individuals

Dual Taxonomic Theory

Trajectories or pathways reflect changes in an individuals cognitive, emotional, and social growth from adolescence to adulthood. Experiences impact trajectories.

Neuropsychological factors sand parenting can impact as well

Life course (preschool to 50’s) vs adolescence offenders (during adolescent years - 18th birthday)

General Theory of Crime

Impulsive personality and lack of self control are the two most significant latent traits

Root cause of poor self control is derived from inadequate child-rearing practices

Control Balance Theory

How individuals control pushed upon them by others, and must balance the control they are subjected too and the amount of control they subject to others

Robert Sampson & John Laub

Age-graded theory via contemporary statistical analysis, experiences in young adulthood can redirect individuals to and from criminal transitions.

Terrie Moffitt

Dual taxonomic theory, trajectories or pathways reflect changes in an individuals growth

Lifetime & adolescence, adolescence due to a maturity gap and desire for autonomy

Micheal Gottfredson

General theory of crime, impulsive personality and lack of self control and personality

Crime rates between men and women, females are socialized to fear crime, males are taught to react

Principles of self-control explain all varieties of criminal behavior

Charles Tittle

Control Balance Theory, in order to evaluate if a person will commit a crime specifically what type of crime the individual will commit

Believes individuals who balance the concept of control are contained by internal and external controls away from criminal behavior

Richard Herrnstein

“Crime and Human nature”, personality traits and body build can offset social variables as predictors of crime behavior

Examined perceived consequences, gains and losses

David Rowe, W. Alan Nicewander & D. Wayne Osgood

Latent traits and relation to crime over ones life cycle, personality is controlled by a stable master trait

Defective intelligence, personality, antisocial behavior during adolescence is most likely

Minnesota DV experiment

Offenders recidivated less when officers made an arrest (50%)

State and agencies enacted mandatory warrantless arrest policies in cases of DV, each state varies though

Study on school shooters and social rejection

Social rejection as the most common trait discovered in most cases followed by bullying an ostracism

Study on physical violence by an intimate partner in ones lifetime

1 in 4 women, 1 in 7 men

Study by Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN) on acquaintance rape

7/10 rapes, 59% of rapes

Study by the Police Foundation and domestic violence hotlines

Police intervened at least once in the previous 2 years in 85 percent of spousal homicides

Study on deaths attributed to shaken baby syndrome

10-12% of all deaths due to abuse and neglect

Study on rape facilitated by incapacitated by drugs or alcohol, or while asleep

14% of women, 4% of men

Massachusetts Treatment Center typologies of child sexual offenders

Fixated: Demonstrate a longstanding preference for children, sexually and socially

Regressed: Solid peer relationships but develop sexual inadequacy

Exploitative: Seek children in order to meet sexual needs

Sadistic/Aggressive: Attached to children solely for sexual purposes

Massachusetts Treatment Center different motivations for rape

Opportunity

Pervasive anger

Sexual gratification

Vindictiveness

Massachusetts Treatment Center categories of rapists

Displaced aggressive rapists - high degree of non-sexual aggression

Compensatory - Respond to intense sexual arousal from the environment

Sexual aggressive/sadistic - Reach climax only if pain is involved

Impulsive: Opportunity

FBI’s homicide categories

Sexual, personal cause, criminal enterprise, group cause

Ronald Holmes and James DeBurger’s classifications of serial killers

Visionary: Voices or visions that demand people to be destroyed

Mission-oriented: Driven to harm a particular group of people who are undesirable and eliminated

Hedonistic: Strive for pleasure and thrill seeking, feels like people are used

Power/control: Strive to obtain satisfaction by having complete life-or-death control over the victim

Different forms of rape

Different forms of robbery

Gang, Blitz, Con, Surprise, Stranger, Serial , Date, Acquaintance, Marital, Statutory

Categories for juvenile fire starters

Playing with matches (4-9)

Crying for help (7-13)

Delinquent fire setter (school property & surrounding areas)

Severely disturbed fire setter: Obsessed with fires and often dreams about fire

Worldwide cost of credit card theft

5.5 billion dollars

Domestic abuser characteristics

Low-self esteem, insecurity, in control, periods of affection and compassion.

Different developmental viewpoints/perspectives

-Life course perspective

-Latent trait or propensity perspective

-Trajectory perspective

Issues examined by life course developmental theorists

Individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences

Most significant turning points

Marriage and a career

Adolescent limited offenders and delinquency

Offending during adolescent years, but stop offending around their 18th birthday

Number of hate crimes

8000 hate crimes

Most common form of domestic violence

Sibling violence

Number of deaths from child abuse/neglect

1500 a year

Most prolific arsonists in America

Juveniles

Credit cards and liability

Law to combat losses from credit card theft, limiting a persons liability to $50 per stolen card

Combat limiting the members liability via high interest rates

When marital rape became a crime in all 50 states

1993

When murder rates peak in the US

During the great depression. Poor, urban areas.

Obstacles with prosecuting statutory rape

Both parties consent to sexual contact

Number of children witnessing domestic abuse

10 million

Reasons for adults committing arson

To obtain money during a period of financial difficulty

To remove outdated inventory while collecting the insurance

To pay off debts created by the owner

To relocate business while collecting insurance

To take advantage of government programs such as grants or bailouts

To file bankrupcy

To eliminate competition

To seek revenge as a disgruntled employee

To conceal other crimes

When and where protection orders started

1976, Pennsylvania

Seconds in the US a woman is assaulted

9 seconds

Seconds in the US a person is sexually assaulted

98 seconds

Average age of a sex trafficking victim

15 years old

When and where the first specialized domestic violence court developed

1966, New York City

Different phases of child abuse

Engagement chase: Trust and comfort with the victim

Progression: Engaging in activities bringing them closer, isolating the child, swimming, etc

Suppression: Explaining secrecy behind the abuse

Motives for burglary

Economic greed, opportunity, supporting drug and alcohol habits, mental issues

Items burglars seek

Computers, phones, tablets, cash, and jewelry, items that cannot be traced back

Different date rape drugs used

Flunitrazepam, Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), Gamma-butyrolac-tone (GBL), and even Ketamine.

Number active serial killers in the US

20

Number of calls to the Domestic Violence Hotline

19,000 calls per day

Average loss due to arson

$15,573

When most burglaries occur

During the day while individuals are at work or school

Professional burglars strike at night to steal items that cannot be traced

Rate of robbery per 100,000 people

98.0

Megan’s law

Local residents should be notified of convicted high-risk child sexual offenders residing in their neighborhood

Curtain Rule

Restricted police intervention beyond the household curtain in cases of wife battering

Rule of Thumb

Man can beat his wife with a stick as long as it isn’t sticker than his thumb

Jacob Wetterling Act

States must verify the addresses of sexual offenders annually for at least 10 years

Kansas vs Hendricks

Upheld the constitutionality of sexual registration laws

% Increase of domestic violence under lockdown orders

18-22%

% information on family kidnapping

63%

% increase in credit card theft

44.7

% street robberies in America

60

% daytime burglaries

62

% Theft and overall property crime

70 percent

% child sexual abuse cases reported to authorities

35%

% female child sexual offenders

8%

% Munchausen syndrome and gender

98% of perpetrators are women, gender is even between victims

% Auto theft reports to law enforcement

80%

% Woman and stalking

15%

% Human trafficking recruitment over social media

125% increase on facebook, 95% on Instagram

% National Human Trafficking Hotline reports

10,583… 40,000 victims

% Human trafficking recruitment online

37

% Stranger stalking

25%

% Geographic location and serial killing

74%

% Firearms and murders non-negligent manslaughter cases

70%

Nicholas Groth’s smallest percentage of rapists

Sadistic

Nicholas Groth’s largest category of rapists

Power

% Auto accidents and Fraud

21%

Historical clearance rate for burglary

13.5

% America’s Missing Broadcast Emergency Response alerts and abduction

63% for family

% Of Burglaries and property crime

17%