biomed EOC

What physiological responses are measured during a polygraph test?

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and skin electroconductivity

Why is it important to establish baselines during a polygraph test?

Establishing baselines allows for comparison against the physiological responses during questioning to determine truthfulness.

Are polygraph tests 100% reliable?

No, polygraph tests are not 100% reliable; they can produce false positives and negatives.

What is a testable hypothesis?

A specific, measurable prediction about the outcome of an experiment.

Differentiate between independent and dependent variables.

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

What is a control in an experiment?

A standard for comparison that remains constant and is not exposed to the experimental treatment.

What are the three main parts of hair?

Cuticle, Cortex, and Medulla.

What is fingerprint minutiae?

The unique ridge patterns and characteristics found in fingerprints.

How many minutiae must be matched to establish an identical fingerprint?

Typically, 12 matching minutiae are required to establish an identical fingerprint.

What are the four main components of blood and their functions?

Red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), platelets (clotting), plasma (transport nutrients and waste).

Compare presumptive tests and confirmatory tests in blood analysis.

Presumptive tests indicate the presence of blood, while confirmatory tests definitively identify blood and type.

What are antigens?

Substances that trigger an immune response, often found on the surface of cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type A have?

People with blood type A have A antigens on their cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type B have?

People with blood type B have B antigens on their cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type AB have?

People with blood type AB have both A and B antigens on their cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type O have?

People with blood type O have no A or B antigens on their cells.

How do height and angle affect blood spatter analysis?

Height affects the size and shape of blood droplets, while angle affects the pattern and distribution of the spatter.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

How do the bases of DNA pair together?

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

Define a gene.

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein.

What is a chromosome?

A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information.

Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

Genes are parts of DNA, and chromosomes are structures that house the DNA, including all the genes.

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system? give examples

The cardiovascular system circulates blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues (e.g., heart, blood vessels).

What is the function of the urinary system? give examples

The urinary system eliminates waste and regulates water balance (e.g., kidneys, bladder).

What is the function of the respiratory system? give examples

The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange (e.g., lungs, trachea).

What is the function of the digestive system? give examples

The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients (e.g., stomach, intestines).

What is the function of the immune system? give examples

The immune system defends against pathogens (e.g., white blood cells, lymph nodes).

What is the function of the nervous system? give examples

The nervous system controls and coordinates body responses (e.g., brain, spinal cord, nerves).

What is the function of the endocrine system? give examples

The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones (e.g., glands like the pancreas, thyroid).

Define Livor mortis and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Livor mortis is the pooling of blood after death and helps estimate time of death based on the color changes in the skin.

Define rigor mortis and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Rigor mortis is the stiffness of muscles post-mortem, which helps estimate the time of death based on its progression.

Define algor mortis and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Algor mortis is the cooling of the body after death, helping estimate the time of death based on temperature changes.

Define insect activity and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Insect activity, particularly by blowflies, can indicate the post-mortem interval based on the life cycle stages of the insects.

Define traumatic brain injury (TBI). What causes and effects are associated with it?

A TBI occurs when a force impacts the head, causing brain damage. Effects include loss of consciousness, confusion, memory problems, and cognitive deficits.

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)? What causes and effects are associated with it?

CTE is a neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries; it leads to cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and can result in dementia.

What are the four types of tissue and their basic functions?

Epithelial (protection), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (signal transmission).

Describe the flow of blood through the heart.

Blood flows from the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs, through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium, through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, through the aortic valve to the aorta.

What are valve defects and their implications?

Valve defects can manifest as stenosis (valve won't fully open) or regurgitation (valve won't fully close), affecting blood flow.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, achieved through feedback mechanisms.

What are the normal ranges for blood pressure and heart rate?

Normal blood pressure is around 120/80 mmHg, and normal heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute.

What does a high or low value of blood pressure indicate?

High indicates hypertension, low indicates hypotension.

What is happening to the body when the systolic pressure is measured?

It measures the force your blood exerts on your artery walls when your heart is contracting and pumping blood.

What is happening to the body when the diastolic pressure is measured?

It measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart is at rest between beats.

How is blood pressure heard/seen with a sphygmomanometer?

It's heard through a stethoscope as the cuff is deflated, with the first sound being systolic and the last sound being diastolic.

What does BMI measure and how do you calculate it?

BMI measures body fat based on height and weight; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

What are some signs of medical problems visible during inspection?

Signs include swelling, discoloration, lesions, and abnormal growths.

What do medical professionals listen for during heart and lung examinations?

They assess for abnormal sounds indicating health issues, like murmurs, wheezes, or crackles.

Why do we need cholesterol?

Cholesterol is essential for building cell membranes and producing hormones.

Why is having too much cholesterol in the body bad?

Excess cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of heart disease.

What is LDL's function and what levels are desired?

LDL transports cholesterol to cells; desired levels are below 100 mg/dL.

What is also known as bad cholesterol?

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

What is HDL's function and what levels are desired?

HDL helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream; desired levels are 60 mg/dL or higher.

What can be done to maintain healthy cholesterol levels?

Regular exercise, a balanced diet low in saturated fats, and avoiding tobacco.

What is atherosclerosis and how can it affect blood pressure?

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in arteries, leading to increased blood pressure.

What is the relationship between food energy, glucose, and ATP?

Food energy is converted into glucose, which is then used to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells.

What are the four biomolecules and their functions?

1. Carbohydrates: provide energy
   2. Proteins: build and repair tissues
   3. Lipids: store energy
   4. Nucleic acids: store genetic information.

How does insulin help cells use glucose?

Insulin acts like a key that unlocks cells to let glucose in.

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin; Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance.

How is each type of diabetes treated?

Type 1 Diabetes is treated with insulin injections; Type 2 Diabetes may be managed with lifestyle changes and medications.

What is HIPAA and what information does it protect?

HIPAA protects patient health information and restricts sharing without consent.

Differentiate between chronic and acute diseases.

Chronic diseases are long-lasting and progressive, while acute diseases are severe but short-term.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Mitosis is for cell division, producing two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis?

Chromosomes are duplicated and evenly divided between the two daughter cells.

What makes cancer cells different from normal cells?

Cancer cells grow uncontrollably, do not respond to normal growth signals, and can invade other tissues.

What are the basic categories of protein functions?

1. Driving cellular reactions
   2. Providing Defense
   3. Building Structures
   4. Transporting Materials
   5. Coordinating Cellular Activities
   6. Movement

Where do transcription and translation take place?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus; translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.

What are the products of transcription and translation?

Transcription produces mRNA; translation produces proteins.

What enzymes are involved in transcription?

DNA helicase and RNA polymerase.

What is a karyotype and what information can it provide?

A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

Chromosomes undergo replication, pairing, and separation, resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells.

What is nondisjunction?

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.

How does nondisjunction happen?

It can occur during meiosis I or II, leading to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

What is deletion in chromosome mutations?

Deletion is the loss of a segment of a chromosome.

What is insertion in chromosome mutations?

Insertion is the addition of extra genetic material into a chromosome.

What is inversion in chromosome mutations?

Inversion is when a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end.

What is duplication in chromosome mutations?

Duplication is the repetition of a segment of a chromosome.

What is translocation in chromosome mutations?

Translocation is the transfer of a segment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome.

What are the 6 Agents of Disease?

Prions, bacteria, helminths, viruses, protists, and fungi.

How are diseases transmitted?

Through direct contact, airborne transmission, vector-borne transmission, and contaminated surfaces.

What is a Chain of Infection?

The process by which infectious diseases are transmitted from one host to another.

What is a reservoir in infectious diseases?

The natural habitat of an infectious agent where it lives and multiplies.

Differentiate between Innate and Acquired immunity.

Innate immunity is non-specific and present at birth, while acquired immunity is specific and develops after exposure to pathogens.

What is aseptic technique?

A set of practices used to prevent contamination by pathogens when working with microorganisms.

What is a Gram Stain?

A laboratory technique used to differentiate bacterial species into Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on cell wall composition.

What does it mean to be Gram positive or Gram negative?

Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain, while Gram-negative bacteria do not.

What are the patient ABCs?

Airway, Breathing, Circulation.

What are the different methods of drug delivery?

Oral, Rectal, Inhaled, Topical, Injection/infusion.

What is the basic concept of diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What makes osmosis different from diffusion?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, while diffusion refers to the movement of any substance.

What is the process of blood clotting?

1) Endothelial damage exposes collagen to platelets, 2) Triggers aggregation, 3) Platelets release granules, 4) Shape change helps stick together, 5) Tissue factor activates coagulation cascade, 6) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Is blood clotting positive or negative feedback?

Positive feedback.

What are the ABCs of bleeding control?

The ABCs of bleeding control are Airway, Breathing, and Circulation.

What is Triage?

The process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition.

What criteria do medical professionals use to make triage decisions?

Pulse, respiratory rate, capillary refill time, bleeding, and ability to follow commands.