Anatomy Chapter 8 BIO 3004 Mississippi State

Parts of the Clavicle

sternal end, acromial end, conoid tubercle

Most commonly broken bone in the body

clavicle (collar bone)

Sternal End

site where the clavicle articulates with the sternum

Acromial end

site where the clavicle articulates with the acromion

Conoid Tubercle

site of muscle attachments

Parts of the scapula (shoulder blade)

acromion, glenoid cavity, suprascapular notch, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa

Acromion

upper portion of scapula, forms the acromioclavicular joint with the clavicle

Glenoid Cavity

fossa where the humerus attaches to form the shoulder joint

Suprascapular Notch

notch through which major nerves pass

Coracoid Process

posterior structure, site of muscle attachment

Supraspinous Fossa

depression where the supraspinatus muscle sits

Infraspinous Fossa

depression where the infraspinatus muscle sits

Subscapular Fossa

depression where the subscapularis muscle sits

Parts of the humerus (upper arm bone)

the head, anatomical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, surgical neck, intertubercular sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, medial and lateral epicondyles

The head of the humerus

articulates with glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint

The anatomical neck of humerus

site of epiphyseal plate

The greater tubercle of humerus

knob where major muscles attach

Lesser tubercle of humerus

smaller knob major muscles also attach here

surgical neck of humerus

areas that are easily broken, requires surgery to repair

Intertubercular Sulcus of humerus

groove between tubercles, nerves run through here

Deltoid Tuberosity of humerus

site where the deltoid muscle attaches

Capitulum of humerus

allows the humerus to articulate with the radius

The trochlea of humerus

allows for articulation of the humerus with the ulna at the elbow joint

The coronoid fossa of humerus

receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is flexed

Olecranon fossa of humerus

receives the olecranon of the ulna when the elbow is extended

The medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

bumps, sites of muscle attachment

The medial epicondyle of the humerus protects ____

ulnar nerve (which passes over the back of the elbow)

Parts of the ulna

olecranon process, coronoid process, radial notch

Olecranon process of ulna

prominence of the elbow. fits into olecranon fossa when the elbow is extended

coronoid process of ulna

fits into coronoid fossa of humerus when the elbow is flexed

Radial notch

site of radial articulation with the ulna

Parts of the radius

head, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch

head of radius

nail shaped structure that articulates with the ulna

Radial tuberosity

site for muscle attachment

ulnar notch

low on the radius, articulates with the ulna near the wrist

Parts of the hand

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Carpals

8 bones that form the wrist. Arranged in two rows of four bones (proximal and distal)

Proximal row of carpals

Pisiform, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

Distal row of carpals

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Metacarpals

5 bones that form the palm of the hand

Phalanges

14 of these in each hand, these form the fingers

Each finger is composed of 3 phalanges which are referred to as...

proximal, middle, and distal (based on location)

the thumb is composed of ___ phalanges labeled as....?

two phalanges, proximal or distal

Disorders of the forearm/hand

carpal tunnel, osteoarthritis

Carpal tunnel syndrome

condition in which nerves are impinged by displacement of the carpals, irregular movements of these bones can pinch nerves that carry impulses to the fingers

Signs of carpal tunnel

pain, numbness, burning in fingers

Treatments for carpal tunnel

physical therapy, ANSAIDS, and sometimes surgery

Osteoarthritis

degeneration of articular cartilage, very common in the hand and wrist, occurs as individuals age

Bones of the pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

Parts of ilium

sacroiliac joint, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, iliac crest

Sacroiliac Joint

site where the sacrum and ilium attach

Greater sciatic notch

allows passage of sciatic nerve to leg

Iliac Fossa

flat surface of the ilium. this portion of the ilium is covered by the iliacus muscle

Iliac crest

the long superior ridge on the ilium, numerous muscles attach here

Parts of the ischium

obturator foramen, ischial tuberosity, acetabulum

Obturator foramen of the ischium

large hole, blood vessels and nerves pass through here (nearly closed by a fibrous membrane)

Ischial Tuberosity of ischium

inferior surface of the ischial body, is rough and thickened

Supports our weight when sitting

ischial tuberosity of ischium

Strongest part of the hip bone

ischial tubersoity

Acetabulum of ischium

deep socket that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint

Parts of the pubis bone

pubic symphysis

Pubic symphysis

formed by the rami of the pubic bones and forms the pubic arch

What holds together pubic symphysis

fibrocartilage

Comparison of the male and female pelvis

female pelvis is wider for childbirth

Parts of the femur

Head of the femur, greater and lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest, medial and lateral condyles, gluteal tuberosity, patellar surface

Head of femur

inserts into the acetabulum to form hip joint

Greater and lesser trochanters of femur

knobs for major muscle attachment, including gluteal muscles

Intertrochanteric line of femur

lines between trochanters, anterior side

Intertrochanteric crest of femur

between the trochanters, posterior side

Medial and lateral condyles of femur

articulate with the same structures of the tibia to form the knee joint

Gluteal tuberosity

rough area of femur, where the gluteus maximus attaches

Patellar surface

anterior side of the femur. patella sits on this surface

Length of the femur is approximately....

one fourth of a person's height

Medial portion of the femur is _____________ in women due to their wider pelvis (contributes to greater incidence of knee injuries in women athletes

more pronounced

Femoral fractures

usually the result of severe trauma

Automobile accidents are a common cause of

spiral fractures of the femur

Often a "broken hip" is really

a fracture of the neck of the femur

Patella

knee cap

Increases leverage of the leg

Petella

Holds patella in place

patellar ligament

What type of bone is the patella

sesamoid

Tibia

second largest bone of the body

Parts of the tibia

medial and lateral condyles, medial malleolus, tibial tuberosity, fibular notch

Medial and Lateral Condyles of the tibia

articulate with the femur to form the knee joint

Medial Malleolus

forms the medial knob of the ankle

Tibial Tuberosity

site of rpatellar ligament attachment

Fibular notch

site where fibula attaches to the tibia

Fibula

forms the lateral side of the ankle

Parts of the foot

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, arches of the foot

Parts of the tarsals

calcaneus, calcaneal tuberosity, talus, navicular bone, cuneiforms, cuboid

Tarsals

form the bulk of the ankle

Calcaneus

largest tarsal bone (heel bone)

Calcaneal tubersoity

projection of the calcaneus that touches the ground

Plantar fasciitis

inflammation of the plantar fascia of the foot; causes pain on the underside of calcaneus

Causes of plantar fasciitis

overuse, poorly fitted shoes, flat arches

Talus

articulates with tibia to form a portion of the ankle

Navicular bone

key role in maintaining the arch and facilitating movement, resembles a boat, medial side of foot

Cuneiforms

3 medial tarsal bones between navicular, metatarsals and cuboid

Medial cuneiform

largest, located on the inner side of the foot.

Intermediate cuneiform

Positioned between the medial and lateral cuneiforms.