apush period 4

War of 1812

War which West and South wanted, but Northeast did not; between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

Oliver Hazard Perry

Won a battle at Lake Erie and forced the British out of Detroit

William Henry Harrison

His forces defeated the British at the Battle of the Thames

Battle of the Thames

Harrison's troops defeated the British at this battle; Tecumseh was killed

Captain Thomas MacDonough

Prevented British from invading New York

Bladensburg

Brithish troops overran Americans and after this the British burnt down the capitol (Washignton D.C.)

Fort McHenry

Where the British were stopped on their way to Baltimore

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Where Andrew Jackson defeated the Indians in Alabama

Battle of New Orleans

Largest battle of the war, won by Jackson in January 1815

Treaty of Ghent

was an armistice (a cease-fire) that ended the War of 1812

Hartford Convention

New England's goal at the meeting was to decide what to do about the war

Rush-Bagot agreement

between the U.S. and England limited both sides' naval power on the Great Lakes; treaty showed that England and the U.S. were getting along

Washington Irving

Wrote Rumpelstiltskin and The Knickerbocker Tale

James Fenimore Cooper

Wrote The Leatherstocking Tales which included The Last of the Mohicans

The American System

an economic plan for the country: (B.T.T.) 1. Strong banking system. 2. Set up a protective tariff to boost American industry. 3. Build a strong transportation network of roads and canals.

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House, who tiated the American System

Panic of 1819

cause of this was over-speculation (buying too much on credit) in land; the West was hit the hardest

Cumberland Road

Example of a better road; this one went to Illinois

Steamboat

This invention made two-way river travel possible

Land Act of 1820

allowed buyers to purchase 80 acres at $1.25 per acre (as a minimum)

Wildcat banks

gave easy credit; these banks printed their own paper money then lent it out liberally to anyone wanting to buy land

Tallmadge Amendment

limit slavery in Missouri: • no more slaves be allowed into Missouri • that slaves born to Missouri slave parents would gradually emancipated

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state • All new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

The "Elastic Clause Case" Said that the Constitution had been written in more general terms rather than specific, and therefore could be interpreted.

Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)

The "Lottery Case" Supreme Court showed it had the power to review state court decisions

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

The "Steamboat Case": The Constitution says that only Congress can regulate interstate trade

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

The "Land Scam Contract Case": The Supreme Court said a contract is a contract and the Constitution says it can't be broken by state laws.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

The "College Charter Case": The Supreme Court said the charter was a contract and, like Fletcher, states could not encroach on contracts

Treaty of 1818

made with England about Canada border 1. The treaty drew a border line at 49° from Lake of the Woods (MN) westward to the Rocky Mountains. 2. The prosperous fishing waters of Newfoundland would be shared. 3. For the time, Oregon would be jointly occupied. and over the Canada border

Florida Purchase Treaty

made with Spain • America paid $5 million and got Florida • Spain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to Texas • the southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude.

George Canning

offered a deal the American minister in London: proposed the U.S. and England make a statement they'd not grab any Latin American land

Monroe Doctrine

• European non-colonization of the Americas and non-intervention • It was a "KEEP OUT" sign.

Russo-American Treaty (of 1824)

set the southern boundary of Russian land at 54° 40'

land butchery

when a farmer would wear out a piece of land, then just move on to find more

Kentucky bluegrass

This began to thrive after settlers burnt off the tall cane grass

nativists

those born in America and were opposed to immigrants

potato famine

resulted in 2 million Irish dieing

temperance movement

movement to ban alcohol

Industrial Revolution

time when machines and factories began to replace handmade products

Samuel Slater

textile worker in England who memorized the plans of the factory so he could build one in America

Moses Brown

financially backed Samuel Slater

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793)

Tariff of 1816

"protective tariff" (one to boost foreign goods and therefore make American goods look cheaper)

interchangeable part

machine-made components of anything could simply be swapped out if one broke

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

invented the sewing machine

limited liability corporation

companies ensured that if the company went bad, an investor could lose only what he'd invested (not everything he owned)

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph

Lowell, Massachusetts

well-known as employing young women to work in its textile factories

Catharine Beecher

leading proponent who pushed for women to enter teaching

John Deere

invented the steel plow

Cyrus McCormick

invented the mechanical mower-reaper

Lancaster Turnpike

(a hard-surfaced highway) went from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA

Cumberland Road (National Road)

went from Maryland all the way to Illinois

Robert Fulton

credited with building the first steamboat, the Clermont (1807)

Erie Canal

The granddaddy of canals

Dewitt Clinton

headed up Erie Canal and built using only state money

Cyrus Fields

laid a telegraph wire across the Atlantic Ocean

clipper ships

ships that were used to haul cargo to foreign nations

Pony Express

carried mail from Missouri to California

transportation (revolution)

revolution where people wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation

division of labor

The North: manufacturing The South: cotton for export The West: grain and livestock

Roger Taney

said that "the rights of a community" were greater than a corporate contract overall standard of living

George Caitlin

student and painter of Native American life who was among the first advocates for the preservation of nature; proposed the creating of a national park

Carl Schurz

a relentless foe of slavery and public corruption

German Influence (on American Culture)

• Conestoga wagon • Kentucky rifle • Christmas tree • Kindergarten

Alexis de Tocqueville

The church-going nature of America was noted by this French observer Also noted that rape in America was punishable by death, whereas in his home of France it was usually overlooked

Deism

sprang out of the Enlightenment (AKA "Age of Reason") and was based on scientific or logical reasoning rather than faith

Unitarian

religion drew followers even farther away from Christianity • Believed God existed in 1 person ("uni"), but not in the Holy Trinity. • Rejected the divinity of Christ. • Believed people were essentially good at heart, not born under "original sin." • Believed people were saved through "good works", not through faith in Christ. • Attracted intellectual types, notably Ralph Waldo Emerson

Millerites

• aka Adventists • predicted Christ's return on October 22, 1844 • When this prophesy failed to materialize, the movement lost credibility

Joseph Smith

claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them

Brigham Young

took over and led the Mormons along the "Mormon Trail" to Utah after Joseph Smith was killed

Horace Mann

• known as the "Father of Public Education" • pushed for free compulsory education and education

Noah Webster

Blueback Speller and dictionary

William H. McGuffey

wrote the McGuffey's Reader

University of North Carolina

first state-supported university

Dorothea Dix

sought and got improved treatment for the mentally insane

American Peace Society

Pacifists led by William Ladd

American Temperance Society

• founded in Boston, 1826 • used a variety of methods to encourage temperance (discourage drinking)

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

became the first female doctor

Margaret Fuller

edited a transcendentalist journal

Grimke sisters

Sisters who pushed for the abolition of slavery

Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention (1848)

• It wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments" arguing that "all men and women were created equal" • It demanded female suffrage • Neither of these things happened anytime soon, but the women's rights movement was born

Robert Owen

started New Harmony, Indiana (1825)

Brook Farm

• Started in Massachusetts (1841) • It attracted Transcendentalist intellectuals

Oneida Community

was communal and embraced free love, birth control, and selecting parents to have planned children

Shakers

• were begun by Mother Ann Lee as a religious sect • stressed simplicity in their lives and separated the sexes

Thomas Jefferson

invented a new and better plow

Nathaniel Bowditch

wrote on navigation

Matthew Maury

studied the ocean winds and currents

Benjamin Silliman

Yale chemist and geologist for 50+ years

Louis Agassiz

Harvard biologist who stressed original research over rote memorization

Asa Gray

Harvard botanist and was a pioneer of botany

John Audubon

early naturalist who painted birds with precise details

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

said that if all the medicines were thrown into the sea, the people would be better off and the fish worse

Gilbert Stuart

painted many portraits of George Washington

John Trumbull

painted scenes of the Revolutionary War

Corrupt Bargain

• Election of 1824 • Henry Clay supported Adams and swayed house vote • Adams won and appoined Clay as Secretary of State • Appeared as if Adams bribed Clay with position of Sec. of State universal white male suffrage

John Quincy Adams

• President (1824-1828) • Puritanical Yankee • Pushed nationalist programs to build:(a) roads and canals (b) a national university (c) a national observatory

Old Hickory

Nickname given to Andrew Jackson by his soldiers

Spoils System

rewarded political party workers with government jobs