AOS 2 Unit 4 Ancient History , Unit 4 AOS 1 , Peloponnesian War

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus

163-133

Distinguished himself in Third Punic War

Elected quaestor in 137

Failed campaign in the Numantine War (143-133)

Giaus Gracchus on Tiberius's outlook

'the country had been deserted by it's native inhabitants (...) those who tilled the soil (...) were barbarian slaves'

Tiberius's reforms

-Elected tribune of the plebs in 133

-Reforms involved redistributing ager publicus (public land) to small farmers in plots of 20

-Law known as the Lex Sempronia agraria

Opposition to Tiberius

Opposed by fellow tribune Marcus Octavius who repeatedly vetoes legislation - Tiberius has him expelled as a tribune

Tiberius - 'If he annuls the power of the people, he ceases to be a tribune at all'

-Opposed by the senatorial and landholding elite (led by the senator Scipio Nasica)

Quotes on Executive Overeach

Gwynn - 'Octavius was deposed (...) an action without precedent in a system based on precedent'

Beard - 'The state had few mechanisms to control men who wanted to break out of the (...) system of 'power sharing' that charecterised traditiomal Republican politics'

Tiberius's death

Attempts to stand for re-election as a tribune in 132

-Senatorial mob disperses the Comitia Centuriata and kills Tiberius and 300 others

Giaus Gracchus

154-121

Elected quaestor in 126

Tribune of the plebs in 123-122

Initial Giaus's reforms

1) fixed the price of grain

2) reorganised the tax system around new provinces

3) combated judicial corruption by including the equestrian order

Further Reforms

Re-elected tribune in 122

1) proposes extending citizenship to Italian allies (fails)

2) expand Roman colonies

Giaus's Death

-Civic violence ensues after discussions of repealing Giaus's colonialisation law

- Senate issues 'senatus consultum ultimum'

- 3,000 of Giaus's supporters killed (including himself)

-Attack against Giaus led by consul Lucius Opimius

Gywnn on Gracchi

'The Gracchi (...) marked the beginning of a choatic century that led to the Republic's collaspe'

Jugarthine War Timeline

112-105

Jugarthine War Reasons

1) Jugurtha ordered the massacre of Roman traders

2) Civil war between 118-112 over succession crises

3) His exploitation of Roman corruption

Jugurtha - Rome 'is a city up for sale, and its days are numbered should it ever find a buyer'

Giaus Marrius

Appointed consul in 107 - takes command of the war

-a 'novus homo' who maried into the Julian clan

-Elected consul in 107, 104-100, 86 (7 times)

-Awarded a triumph in 104

Jugartha War ends

Sulla captures and executes Jugurtha in 105

Cimbrian Wars

113-101

-Against Germanic tribes (Cimbri and Teutones)

Rome previously suffered defeats at the Battle of Noreia (113) and the Battle of Orange (105 + 80,000 casulaties)

Marius and Cimbrian Wars

Appointed consul from 104-100

-Battle of Aquae Sextiae (102) - defeats the Teutons

-Battle of Vercellae (101) - defeats the Cimbru under Boiorox

Gwynn on Marius

'Marius was the first of the great warlords who dominated the last century of the republic'

Marian Reforms

1) accepted recruits who did not satisfy assidui requirements (land ownership)

2) armour provided vy the state

3) introducted the 600 man cohort (replacing the maniple)

Consquences of Marius Reforms

-A process known as 'proletarianisation'

-Solidiers become clients to their generals

-Loyalty enforced through the promise of land

-These reforms were motivated by the increasing landless population of the Empire

Stat on Roman allies Manpower

Gwynn record 2/3 solidiers were Italian by 100

Social War

91-87

Commenced due to the murder of the tribune Marcus Livius Driscus (proponent of Italian citizenship laws)

-Rebels consisted primarily of Samnites and Marsic groups

Lex Julia Civitae

Approved in 90 - establishing Italian citizenship for allies willing to surrender or were not rebelling

-Proposed by Lucius Julius Caesar (consul in 90)

-PLacates most Italian allies (socii)

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

-Gained fame during the SIege of Pompeii (89) and his success in pacifying the remaining rebels

-Consul in 88 - assigned to confront KIng MIthridates of Pontus

First March on rome

88

-Occurs when tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus transfers command to Marius

-Sulla marches on the city and captures it: re-institues his command, declares his enemies as 'hostes' - Marius and his son are stripped of their citizenship ( they flee to Africa)

-Rufus is murdered

First Mithridatic War

89-85 BC

Roman victory - Mithridates abandons conquests

-Sack of Athens in 87 (facilitated by Sulla)

Reasons for Bellum Octavianum (War of Octavius)

Lucius Cornelius Cinna elected in 87 (enemy of Sulla) alongside Gnaeus Octavius (ally of Sulla)

-Conflicts begin over the proposed recall of Marius and implementation of Italian citizenship law

(War of Octavius)

-Marius, Cinna, Roman armies and Samnites all defeat Octavius forces - he dies

Marius (dies in 86) and Cinna appointed consul in 86

Marian Purges - exiles Marcus Licinius Crassus

Sulla's Civil War

-Sulla returns from his campaign in 83

-Senate issues consultum ultimatum to conscript an army against him

-Consuls in 82 includes Giaus Marius 'The Younger'

Sulla's forces

Supported by Marcus Licinius Crassus ('richest man in Rome) and Gnaues Pompeius Magnus - both raised private armies

Battle of the Colline Gate

82 BC

-Sulla wins

-Overall 50,000 casulaties on both sides (sulla infamously massacres Samnite prisoners)

-Marius 'The Younger' commits suicide

Lex Valeria

82 - formalises Sulla as indefinite dictator of ROme

Sulla's proscriptions

Gwynn - 80 senators and 2,600 equites (figure likely higher)

Banned the sons and grandsons of those proscripted froms serving in office

Sulla on Julius Caesar

Regrets sparring the ambitious teenager

-'In this Caesar, there are many Marius's

Sulla's Constitutional Reforms

1) pleibiean council now must have senatorial approval

2) ex-tribunes can never attain any other magustracy

3) revoke the tribunes veto power over the Senate (other than individual cases)

4) codified cursus honorum

5) 10 year age gap between re-election to a magistrate position

Other Sulla reforms

1) transfered control of courts from the equites to the Senate (reform of Gracchi)

Sulla retires

-79

-dies in his villa in 78

Gnaeus Magnus Pompeius

106-48

-Only 23 when entered Sulla's camp

-Known as the 'adulescentulus carnifex' (teenage butcher)

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Rebellion

-ELected consul in 78

-Attemps to rebel against the Senate - only pacified when Pompey gains command

Setorian War

80-72 - rebellion instigated by Qunitus Sertorius (a Marian appointee) in Spain

-Pompey disapatched in 77 to quell the revolt

-Sertorius murdered in 73/72

-Pompey gains a triumph in 71 (note Pompey gains triumphs in 80 BCE (a campiagn in North Africa), 71 BCE (Setorian War) , and 61 BCE (Eastern Settlement)

Beginning of Third Servile War

73-71

-Known as the War of Spartacus - the last unsuccessful revolt of the Roman slaves

-The Thracian Spartacus escapes with 70 gladiators in 73 at Capau

-By 71, his force amounted 120,000

End of Third Servile War

71 - Crassus commands Roman forces

-Defeats Spartacus at the Battle of SIlarius (71)

-6000 followers crucified along the Appian Way

Pompey First Consulship

70

-alongside Crasus

-He was only 36 (note cursus honorum)

-re-instates the powers of the tribune of the plebs (revoking a Sulla era reform)

Piracy in Roman Empire

75- famous instance of kidnapping Julius Caesar

68- raided Ostia and kidnapped two senators

Pompey's Piracy Campaign

67 - lex Gabinia law: grants Pompey extradionary powers to combat piracy (pro consul authority within the entirety of the Mediterrenean Sea and 80km inland)

-Provided 270 ships and 124,000 men

-Defeated the Pirate fleet based from Ciilia in the Battle of Korakesion (took him less than 3 months)

Third Mithridatic War

73-63

Lex Manilia law transfers command to Pompey in 66

Defeats Mithridates V (commits suicide)

Pompey's Eastern Settlement

-Pompey conquers the coatal regions of Pontus, Bithynia, CIlicia and Syria (after the collaspe of teh Seleucids in 63)

-Client kingdoms established in Judea and Armenia

New income from Pompey conquests

120 million according to Plutarch

-Pompey also gained personal wealth

Pompey success

-Awarded a triumph in 61

Pompey's opposition

-Led the optimates: Metellus Celer (consul in 60) and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger)

-Opposed land for veterans

Giaus Julius Caesar

100-44

-Quaestor in 69

-Curule aedile in 65

-pontifex maximus in 63

-praetor in 63

-proconsul of Hispania Ulterior (61-60)

-Forced to choose election to the consulship in 59, over being awarded a triumph

Cataline Conspiracy

63-62

a failed plan made by Lucius Sergius Catalina (Cataline) to overthrow the Roman Republic after losing to Cicero for consulship (in 63)

-Caesar accused of harbouring pro-Cataline sympathies - he desired to forgoe the death penailty (unsuccessfully)

First Triumvirate

-Unoffical alliance between Crassus, Pompey and Caesar to serve the interests of the three men

-Pompey married Caesar's sister Julia (59-54)

-They sought to confront the optimates

Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus

Elcted consul alongside Caesar in 59 - an optimate

Caesars tactics

-Bypassed the Senate - used the Centuriate Assembly to propose laws

-Bibulus used his veto - sparks a riot (he retires from public life after the violence (warns of ill omens (religious grounds invalidating Caesar's laws)))

-Supporters of the First Triumvirate mock Bibulus, claiming the two consuls were 'Julius and Caesar'

Caesar post-consul

needs to leave Rome to:

1) avoid prosecution (note Bibulus omens) after his imperium lapses (immunity)

2) wants to win wealth and gloria

Caesar governorships

Illyricum and Cisalpine Gaul

Transalpine Gaul added after the pro-consul dies

Gallic Wars

58-50

-Caesar's expansion in Transalpine Gaul againsts Gallic tribes

-Writes 'Commentaries on the Gallic Wars' as a propaganda for the Roman people

Gallic Wars (58)

Sparked by the migration of the Helvetti tribe - Caesar wins a victory at the Battle of Bibratae

Advances into Gaul to confront the German Suebi people at the Battle of Vorges - led by the fiersome Ariovistas

Gallic Wars (57)

Defeats the Nervii tribe at the Battle of Sabis

Gallic Wars (56)

Defeats the naval Gallic people (Veneti) at the Battle of Morbihan

Gallic Wars (55-54)

-Builds a bridge across the Rhine river (propaganda tool)

-Embarks on two campaigns (55,54) across the English channel - exacted tribute and hostages)

Gallic Wars (53)

Quells an uprising by the Eurobones

Gallic Wars (52)

Armed uprising led Vercingetorix - leader of the Arveni tribe but manages to unite the Gauls under coordinated leadership

-Caesar intitally wins a victory at the Siege of Avaricum (a town harbouring Vercingetorix's force)

-Vercingetorix wins at the Battle of Gergrovia

-Caesar wins the decisive victory at the Battle of Alesia - an example of siege warfare - Vercingetorix surrenders (last unified Gallic rebellion)

Gallic Wars Casulaties

Plutarch

1 million Gauls dead and 1 million enslaved

Caesar claims he killed 430,000 Germanic people

These figures are likely embellished

Conference of Luca

Re-affirms First Triumvirate

Pompey and Crasssus elected consuls in 55

Crasus

Becomes pro-consule of Syria (55-53)

DIes in the battle of Carrhae (53 (losses seven legions)) against the Parthian Empire

Disturbances in Rome

Violence instigated by populares (Publius Clodius Pulcher (exiled Cicero in 58) and optimates Titus Annius Milo

Pompey appointed sole consul in 52 to re-establish order

Pompey's actions against Caesar

1) makes political prosecution retrospective (once Caesar lost imperium he would be prosecuted)

2) blocks Caesar from becoming consul in 50

Senate issues a 'senatus consultum ultimum' in 49 declarimg Ceasar an enemy

Caesar crosses the Rubricon

11th Jan 49

Caesar's Civil War begins (49-45)

Actions in Italy

Siege of Corfinium

Siege of Brundisium

Both minor victories for Caesar - controls Italian peninula

Pompey's forces evacuate to Greece

Further events in 49

Caesar's invasion of Spain (Campaign of Ilerda) - Battle of Illerda (49) - wins

Caesar's ally Giaus Scribonius Curio invades North Africa - Battle of Bagradas (49) - crushing defeat

Mark Antony appointed to command Italian troops

Actions in Greece

Battle of Dyrrhaehium (48) - minor victory for Pompey

Battle of Pharsulus (48) - decisive victory for Caesar (had 23,000 vs 41,000-54 but sucessfully flanked Pompey) - Cicero and Brutus both defect to Caesar

Pompey's death

Killed by Ptolemy XIII (13 year old King of Ptolemaic KIngdom) upon landing in EGypt

1) Ptolemy sought to engriate himself with Caesar - he was engaged in a civil war against Cleopatra VII

2) he feared Pompey would overthrow him

Axelandruan War

Caesar arrives 3 days later - dismayed at Pompey's death

-Disputes regarding this act and debt lead to the detoriation of Ptolemy and Caesar;s relationships

Siege of Alexandria (48) and Battle of Nile (48) - Caesar's forces win - Ptolemy drowns fleeing

Caesar and Cleopatria foster a son - Caesarion - Cleoptra rules Egypt

Pharnaces II of Pontus

Caesar crushes the usuper's revolt

Battle of Zela (47) - Caesar wins

-veni, vindi,vici ('I came, I say, I conquered')

End of Republican cause

-Republican remenants under Cato and Mettelus Scipio gather in North Africa

-Battle of Thapsus (46) - Caesar wins

-Leaders commit suicide

Campaign in Spain

Pompey's sons Gnaues and Sextus iniate a rebellion in Spain

- defeated at the Battle of Munda (45)

- Gnaues executed

Caesar's return to Rome

Consul 49-44

10 year term granted as consul in 45

'dicator perpetuo' in early 44

Caesar's reforms

1) reforms calender (Julian calender)

2) Senate increases from 600 to 900 (new appointees Caesar's allies)

3) colonies founded in Carthage and Corinth

4) citizenship extended to parts of SPain and Cisalpine Gaul

5) Senate now a 'rubber stamp'

6) magistrates now appointed by Caesar

Luperealia Festival

Feb 44

Caesar refuses a crown offered to him by Mark Antony

Ides of March

15 March 44

-the soothsayer Spurina warns him to beware the date - he ignores her

-Caesar is killed in the Senate chamber by a group coining themselves the 'Liberators'

Liberators

Formed in 45

Comprises approx 70 senators - led by Caesar's ally Marcus Junius Brutus + Gaius Cassius Longinus

-Famous words 'kai su teknon' ('and you, my child')

War of Mutina

-Mark Antony incites the crowd with an adress at the Funeral Oration of Caesar's funeral

-Uneasy truce develops - Antony appointed consul in 44

-Hostilities begin after disputes regarding Antony's appointment to prosconcul position

-Senate's forces (along with Octavians (Caesar's legal heir)) confront Antony at BAttle of Mutina - defeat ANtony

-Octavian now marches on Rome (43) - captures the city

Second Triumvirate

Formed between OCtavian, Antony and MArcus Ameilius Lepidus (Caesar's close ally)

-After OCtavian marches on Rome (43) he alligns himself with Antony and Lepidus - the three support the Lex Titia law - establishes the legal position of 'triumvir' - splits the empire into three areas of control

Liberators Civil War

43B.C. - 42B.C.

War between Brutus and Cassius "liberators," and Mark Antony and Octavian, Caesar's successors

Ends with Second Triumvirate's victory at the Battle of Phillipi (42) - Brutus commits suicide

Perusine War

41-40 BCE:

-Fulvia (wife of Antony) and Lucius Antonius (consul of 41 and Antony's brother) seek to propel Antony politicallu by engaging against Octavian - Octavian wins

-Antony claims he was ignorant and blames Fulvia for the crisis (she dies soon after)

-Antony marries Octavia to seal alliance with Octavian.

-Treaty of Brunsidium (40) formalises the new arrangements (Octavian controls western empire, Antony is the 'master of the Roman east)

Second Truimvirate proscriptions

300 senators (including Octavian's former ally Cicero)

2,000 equites

Bellum Siculum

42-36

Rebellion by Sextus Pompey

-After his defeat Lepidus attempts to seize control of Octavians troops - he fails and is politically ostracized in 36

Second Triumvirate reformalised

late 43 and 37 (five year terms)

Tensions between Antony and Octavian

-Antony divorces Octavia in 33 - he is in a relationship with Cleopatra

-They attemps to elevate Caesarion as the heir to Caesar (Antony bestows him 'the Donations of Alexandria' (land in the eastern empire) and decrees him the 'King of Kings'

-Octavian fosters rumours that Antony seeks to move the capital to Alexandria

Start of War of Actium

32 - Octavian convinces the Senate to declare war against the Ptolemaic KIngdom (a Roman client state)

-40% of the Senate and both consuls defect to Antony

Battle of Actium

31

-Agrippa blockades Antony's forces in Greece while Octavian leads an army from the north

-Antony attempts to avoid encirclement by breaking Agrippa's blockade

-140 vs 260 ships (favouring OCtavian) - his smaller Liburnian galleys are superior to Antony's larger quinqueremes

-Antony narrowly escapes with Cleopatra and the remenants of his army - most of his forces defect

Battle of Alexandria

30

-Octavian besieges the city - captures it

-Cleopatra and Antony both commit suicide

-Caesarion is executed

-Egypt is annexed into the Roman empire - end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom

First Settlement 27

1) Octavian was consul from 31-23

2) designated 'princeps' (first citizen)

3) was the leader of the senate

4) granted imperium over the most important Roman provinces (controlled the army)

5) named 'Augustus

Second Settlement 23

1) relinquished consulship

2) gained the powers of the tribune of the plebs

3) imperium over Roman provinces expanded (could overule any proconsul)

Augustus' Powers

1) veto any legislation

2) propose laws

3) grant clemency

4) full control of army

5) full control of provinces

6) summon the senate

7) seated alongside consuls

8) leader of the Senate

9) protector of the Roman people

Foundation myth of Rome

-Descendants of Aeneas rule Alba Longa

-Evil Amulius gains power in Alba Longa - imprisons Rhea -Silva who is impregnated by Mars

-Births Romulus and Remus who overthrow Amulius and install Numitor

-Romulus kills Remus in 753

-Founds the city of Rome on the Tiber River

Capture of the Sabine Women

-Occurs directly after the formation of Rome

-Rome steals the Sabone Women

-After a war the Sabines are integrated into the city

1st King

Romulus (753-716) - established Roman Senate, army, and religion