4.4 - Lifestyle and effects of Environment on Gas Exchange

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4 Terms

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Emphysema

- Caused by long-term exposure to irritants entering the lungs. (eg. Smoke, Dust, Pollution)

- Alveoli become damaged from the particles, making them lose their elasticity, often becoming fibrous tissue and may down, which reduces the internal surface area of the alveoli.

- Thus, two problems: Inadequate surface area for gas exchange and difficulty in ventilating the lungs, as it requires voluntary effort rather than a passive process.

- No cure, progression of the disease cannot be ceased.

<p>- Caused by long-term exposure to irritants entering the lungs. (eg. Smoke, Dust, Pollution)</p><p>- Alveoli become damaged from the particles, making them lose their elasticity, often becoming fibrous tissue and may down, which reduces the internal surface area of the alveoli.</p><p>- Thus, two problems: Inadequate surface area for gas exchange and difficulty in ventilating the lungs, as it requires voluntary effort rather than a passive process.</p><p>- No cure, progression of the disease cannot be ceased.</p>

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Lung Cancer

- The development of a mass of cells that divides in an uncontrolled way, which is a tumour.

- Exposure to asbestos fibres, pollutants, and tobacco from smoking increases the risk for lung cancer.

- Begins in the walls of the air passages, usually the bronchi, and the inhaled particles constantly irritate the mucous membrane that lines the air passages.

- This creates an excessive production of mucus, causing the cells at the base of the membrane to divide more rapidly. (The accumulation of mucus cannot be removed.)

- This results in 'smokers cough', and the trapped mucus causes the alveoli to rupture. -> Emphysema -> Cancer in the air passages can travel around the body.

<p>- The development of a mass of cells that divides in an uncontrolled way, which is a tumour.</p><p>- Exposure to asbestos fibres, pollutants, and tobacco from smoking increases the risk for lung cancer.</p><p>- Begins in the walls of the air passages, usually the bronchi, and the inhaled particles constantly irritate the mucous membrane that lines the air passages.</p><p>- This creates an excessive production of mucus, causing the cells at the base of the membrane to divide more rapidly. (The accumulation of mucus cannot be removed.)</p><p>- This results in 'smokers cough', and the trapped mucus causes the alveoli to rupture. -> Emphysema -> Cancer in the air passages can travel around the body.</p>

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Lung Infections

- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other organisms.

- The inflammation caused by the infection causes secretion of fluid and mucus into the alveoli, decreasing the amount of air they can contain.

- Surface area for gas exchange is also reduced.

- Tuberculosis is an infection of the lungs by the bacterium, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis.'

- It spreads through droplets by sneezing, coughing or spitting. So any droplets of moisture containing the virus can be inhaled by others.

<p>- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other organisms.</p><p>- The inflammation caused by the infection causes secretion of fluid and mucus into the alveoli, decreasing the amount of air they can contain.</p><p>- Surface area for gas exchange is also reduced.</p><p>- Tuberculosis is an infection of the lungs by the bacterium, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis.'</p><p>- It spreads through droplets by sneezing, coughing or spitting. So any droplets of moisture containing the virus can be inhaled by others.</p>

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Asthma

- Asthma is a medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to the narrowing of the airways. This occurs due to:

- The smooth muscles contract -> Narrowing the airways.

- Inflammation causes the lining of the airways to thicken -> Narrowing its diameter.

-Asthma can be caused by an allergic response or a non-allergic response.

- Triggers include respiratory infections, cigarette smoke and normal smoke, and exercise.

- During an attack, the muscles surrounding the bronchioles go into spasm, which causes involuntary contractions, the narrowing of the air passages, and thus difficulty breathing.

<p>- Asthma is a medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to the narrowing of the airways. This occurs due to:</p><p>- The smooth muscles contract -> Narrowing the airways.</p><p>- Inflammation causes the lining of the airways to thicken -> Narrowing its diameter.</p><p>-Asthma can be caused by an allergic response or a non-allergic response.</p><p>- Triggers include respiratory infections, cigarette smoke and normal smoke, and exercise.</p><p>- During an attack, the muscles surrounding the bronchioles go into spasm, which causes involuntary contractions, the narrowing of the air passages, and thus difficulty breathing.</p>