IB BIOLOGY Topic 10: Genetics and Evolution

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21 Terms

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that results in the formation of four haploid cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

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Haploid cells

Cells that have half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

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Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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Independent assortment

The random orientation of chromosomes on the equatorial plate during metaphase I, leading to diverse genetic combinations in gametes.

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Replication

The process of DNA duplication during the interphase of the cell cycle before meiosis or mitosis.

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Centromere

A specific region where microtubules attach during cell division, ensuring proper chromosome segregation.

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Bivalent chromosome

A structure formed during prophase I of meiosis, consisting of two homologous chromosomes aligned side by side.

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Chiasma formation

The point of adherence between non-sister chromatids during meiotic crossing over, facilitating the exchange of genetic material.

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Law of Independent Assortment

The separation of one pair of alleles during the formation of gametes is independent of the separation of another pair of alleles.

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Dihybrid cross

A genetic cross that involves the simultaneous consideration of two different traits or gene pairs.

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Linkage

The tendency of two genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together, defying the law of independent assortment.

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Gene pool

The total collection of genes and their alleles present in a population at a particular time.

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Hardy-Weinberg equation

An equation used to calculate allele frequency in a population.

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Directional selection

Selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the other, leading to a shift in the population towards the favored phenotype.

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Stabilizing selection

Selection that favors the intermediate phenotype over the extremes, reducing genetic diversity.

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Disruptive selection

Selection that favors both extreme phenotypes over the intermediate, leading to the formation of distinct subpopulations.

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Balancing selection

Selection that maintains genetic diversity by favoring multiple alleles in a population.

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Reproductive isolation

Barriers that prevent gene flow between populations, including geographical, temporal, and behavioral isolations.

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Polyploidy

A cause of speciation where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

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Gradualism

A theory of speciation that suggests slow, continuous changes over time.

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Punctuated equilibrium

A theory of speciation that suggests quick changes followed by minimal subsequent changes.