CH 6: exam 2

end of chapter 6

Pectoral Girdle

clavicle and scapula

Clavicle

restricts the scapulas range of movement

Which bone articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromial end?

clavicle

Which bone articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint?

scapula

Supraspinous fossa

supra and infraspinatus muscles attachment point

Which bones are apart of the upper limb?

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges

How many bones are apart of the upper limb?

60 bones

Which part of the humerus articulates with the scapula, forming the shoulder joint?

rounded head of humerus

Surgical neck

corresponds to the epiphyseal cartilage

Trochlear notch

articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Elbow Joint

Trochlear notch of ulna + trochlea of humerus

Distal radio-ulnar joint

between the ulnar head and distal portion of the radius

Interosseous membrane

fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects ulna and radius along length of bones

Proximal radioulnar joint

radial head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna

Radial tuberosity

attachment site for the biceps brachii

Wrist joint

distal styloid process of radius articulates with carpal bones

Carpo-metacarpal joints

carpal bones articulate with metacarpal bones

How many proximal carpal bones are there?

4 bones

How many distal carpal bones are there?

4 bones

Metacarpophalangeal joint

metacarpal bones articulate with phalanges

Pollex

proximal and distal in the thumb

Inter-phalangeal joint

between the phalanges of the fingers

Pelvic girdle

articulates with the thigh bones

Coxal bones

articulate with the sacrum at the sacro-iliac joints and with the femur at the acetabulum

Ischium

supports the bodys weight when sitting

Pubic bones

articulate at the pubic symphysis

Symphysis

slightly movable joint

Pelvic outlet

inferior opening of the pelvis

Pelvis consists of

hip bones, sacrum, and the coccyx stabilized by a network of ligaments

The female pelvis differs from the male pelvis by being:

smoother, lighter in weight, and has less prominent markings

Adaptations of female pelvis for child bearing include:

broad, low pelvis, larger pelvic outlet, and broader pubic angle

Components of lower limb include:

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges (60 in total)

Hip joint

the head of the femur articulates at the acetabulum

Linea aspera

attachment for adductor muscles

Patella

forms within tendon of quadriceps femoris

Which structures of the tibia articulate with the lateral and medial condyles of the femur?

lateral and medial condyles of the tibia

Medial malleolus

large distal process that articulates with the ankle

Which bone of the lower limb does not articulate with the femur?

fibula

Which bone of the lower limb articulates with tibia inferior to the lateral condyle of tibia?

fibula

Which feature of the lower limb does not participate in the formation of the knee joint?

lateral malleolus

Which bones does the interosseous membrane connect?

tibia and fibula

Trochlea of talus

articulates with medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula, which forms the ankle joint

Tarsometaphalangeal joint

form between the tarsal and metatarsal bones

Longitudinal arch of the foot

transfers weight along the foot

Transverse arch of the foot

degree of curvature change from medial to lateral borders of the foot

Synarthroses examples

suture, gomphosis, and sychondrosis

Which functional classification of joints can be both fibrous or cartilaginous?

synarthroses

Suture joint

connects skull bones with dense irregular connective tissue

fibrous

Gomphosis joint

a ligament binding each tooth in the socket

fibrous

Synchondrosis

between the first pair of ribs and the sternum

cartilaginous

ex) epiphyseal plate

Syndesmosis

fibrous joint connected by a ligament or fibrous sheet of connective tissue (interosseous membrane)

Symphysis

cartilaginous joint between bones separated by fibrocartilage pad

ex) intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Menisci

fibrocartilage pads that function as shock absorbers

Which accessory structure of the knee joint can also act as cushions?

fat pads

Bursae

packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa that restricts motion and produces pain

Arthritis

inflammation of joints due to damage of the articular cartilage

The sole of the foot is supported by

metatarsal bones

In a newborn, the large bones of the skull are joined by fibrous connective tissue but later form immovable joints. Structurally, which types of joints are these?

fibrous

While jumping off the back steps at his house, 10 year old Cesar lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. Which bone is most likely broken?

calcaneus

Types of Angular movement

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Flexion

decreasing the angle between articulating bones relative to anatomical position

Moving the leg anteriorly at the hip is an example of which type of synovial joint movement?

flexion

Abduction

moving a limb away from the midline

Adduction

moving a limb toward the midline

Circumduction

moving the limbs in a loop

Rotational joint movements

pronation and supination

Pronation

moving wrist and hand from palm-facing-front to palm-facing-back

Supination

turning palm-facing-back to palm-facing-front

Inversion

twists the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

twists soles of foot outward

Dorsiflexion

elevates the sole at the ankle, as in digging in your heels

Plantar flexion

extends as in pointing the toes

Opposition

moving the thumb toward the palm to grasp

Protraction

moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane

Moving of the scapulae away from the spine is an example of what type of motion?

protraction

Retraction

moving a body part posteriorly

Moving of the scapulae toward the spine is an example of what type of motion?

retraction

Plane joint (gliding joint)

moves in multiple directions in a singular plane

Examples of plane (gliding) joints

joints at the ends of clavicles

joints between the carpal, tarsal, and facets of vertebrae

joints at the sacrum and hip bones (sacroiliac joints)

Hinge joint

moves angularly in a singular plane

Examples of hinge joints

joints at the elbow, knee, and ankle

between the phalanges (interphalangeal joints)

Condylar joint

moves angularly in two planes

Examples of condylar joints

joint between the radius and proximal carpal bones (wrist joint)

joints between the phalanges of fingers (metacarpalphalangeal joints)

joints between the phalanges of the toes with metatarsal bones (metatarsophalangeal joints)

Saddle joint

moves angularly in two planes and circumduction

Examples of saddle joints

carpometacarpal joint at the base of thumb

Pivot joint

rotates in a singular plane

Examples of pivot joints

joint between atlas and axis

joint between head of radius and proximal shaft of the ulna

Ball and socket joint

angular, rotation, and circumduction

Examples of ball and socket joints

shoulder and hip joints

The two types of articulations between vertebrae

gliding joints between the superior and inferior articular process and symphyseal joints between the vertebral bodies

Elbow joint consists of two parts:

hinge joint between the humerus and ulna

weak joint between humerus and radius

Hip joint is extremely stable because:

very dense and strong joint capsule

capsule reinforced by several ligaments

strong surrounding muscles

Which is more common: hip fractures or hip dislocations?

hip fractures

Hip joint is formed by

ball and socket joint from the head of the femur and acetabulum

The knee joint functions as:

hinge joint between femur and tibia

Three separate articulations of the knee joint:

two between femur and tibia where condyles contact

one between patella and femur

Medial and lateral menisci

fibrocartilage pads between femur and tibia

Which parts of the knee joint also assist in reducing friction?

fat pads and bursae

Which ligaments stabilize the back of the knee?

posterior ligaments