Cicero and the Res Publica
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87 Terms
What social order did Cicero belong to?
equestrians
What was Cicero’s political position prior to the Catilinarian conspiracy?
moderate popularis
What was Cicero’s political position after the Catilinarian conspiracy?
optimate
year of Cicero’s quaestorship
75
year of Cicero’s aedileship
69
year of Cicero’s praetorship
66
year of Cicero’s consulship
63
date and location of Cicero’s proconsular governorship
51-50, Cilicia
What law did Cicero speak in favour of as praetor?
Lex Manilia
What was the function of the Lex Manilia?
granting Pompey the Mithridatic command
date of Cicero’s exile
58
date of Cicero’s return from exile
57
date of Pro Milone
52
When was Cicero granted clementia?
47
What were the key problems of the Late Republic?
landless plebs and veterans, debt, corruption, political violence, excessively competitive aristocracy, disunited Senate
concordia ordinum
“harmony of the orders”, the ideal of senators and equestrians working together to govern
When was concordia ordinum developed?
63, during the Catilinarian Conspiracy
cum dignitate otium
“peace with dignity”, when boni and optimates captain the ship of state and so maintain the status quo of the res publica
In what speech was cum dignitate otium developed?
Pro Sestio
Who was Lucullus?
an optimate who campaigned against Mithridates from 73 to 66
What was Cicero’s first speech to a contio from the rostra?
Pro Lege Manilia
Who was Catiline?
a popularis patrician with some distinguished ancestors
Where did Catiline govern?
Africa
What was Catiline unsuccessfully prosecuted for prior to the conspiracy?
extortion of Africa
Who were the consuls of 63?
Cicero and Antonius Hybrida
What was one of Catiline’s key election promises?
debt cancellation
Who were the main dissatisfied groups in 63?
senators and equestrians in hard times, Sullan veterans, rural plebs, urban plebs
Who were the key informants on Catiline?
Fulvia and envoys from the Allobroges
What were Catiline’s plans?
assassinate Cicero, burn key urban buildings, seize control of Rome and parts of Italy
When was the SCU against Catiline passed?
21st October 63
What did Cicero do during the consular elections of 63?
wear armour beneath his toga
How many Catilinarian conspirators were executed?
5
When were the Catilinarian conspirators executed?
5th December 63
When and where did Cicero accuse Catiline of conspiracy?
7th November 63, in the Senate
How large was Catiline’s army?
10000 men
Was Catiline himself amongst the executed conspirators?
no
What did Rullus propose in 63?
a land reform to provide Italian colonies for landless plebs
What did Cicero think of Rullus’ land bill?
he spoke strongly against it
Did Rullus’ land bill pass?
no
Who did Cicero defend in November 63?
Murena
What was Cicero awarded following the Catilinarian Conspiracy?
status of pater patriae and corona civica
What was Catiline’s fate?
he was killed at a battle in Etruria
What did Metellus Nepos propose in 63?
Pompey’s recall
Who vetoed Metellus Nepos’ proposal?
Cato
What was the Bona Dea scandal?
outrage which emerged from Clodius’ infiltration of the Bona Dea festival at Caesar’s house
When was Clodius tried?
early 61
What was the result of Clodius’ prosecution in 61?
he was acquitted through bribery
What was the outcome of Cicero’s giving evidence against Clodius?
inimicitia developed
date of Clodius’ tribunate
58
What was one of the main reasons for Clodius’ election to the tribunate?
Caesar needed to protect the legislation he had passed as consul
What did Clodius, as tribune, do to Cicero?
pass laws requiring him to go 400 miles from Rome
Where did Cicero go to for his exile?
Macedonia
Who did not act to save Cicero from exile?
Pompey
What happened to Cicero’s house during his exile?
it was destroyed and replaced with a shrine to libertas
Who organised Cicero’s return?
Pompey, Milo, and Sestius
What did Cicero do in 54?
speak in favour of extending Caesar’s Gallic command
When and were was Clodius killed?
52, on the Appian Way
What was Pompey in 52?
sole consul
What was Milo prosecuted for in 52?
the death of Clodius
What was the outcome of Milo’s trial in 52?
he was exiled
What change to governorships did Pompey make in 52?
there had to be a five year gap between a man’s consulship or praetorship and his governorship
What was the intention of Pompey’s provincial reform in 52?
stop magistrates recouping their electoral debts by exploiting their province
Which client-king collaborated with Cicero during his governorship of Cilicia?
Deiotarus of Galatia
Why was Cicero hailed imperator?
the defeat of some hill-bandits
Was Cicero ever awarded a triumph?
no
During the Civil War, what made Cicero wary of the optimates?
the call for proscriptions
When did Cicero return to Italy?
October 48
Who arrested Cicero at Brundisium?
Mark Antony
What were Cicero’s breaks from his retirement?
Pro Marcello and Pro Deiotaro
What did Cicero write in 46?
the Cato
What did Cicero do in Pro Marcello and Pro Deiotaro?
give Caesar pragmatic advice on governance
Who were the members of the Second Triumvirate?
Lepidus, Octavian, Antony
Who was Mark Antony?
a distinguished aristocrat and soldier who had long been in service of Caesar
Who was Octavian?
Caesar’s official heir, only 18 at the time of the assassination
Who was Lepidus?
a patrician ex-consul, now pontifex maximus
Who did Cicero support after the assassination?
the Liberators
What did Cicero do for Octavian?
award him senatorial rank and propraetorian imperium
What were Cicero’s speeches against Antony called?
Philippics
How many Philippics are there?
14
What were the motives of the Philippics?
criticise Antony, support the Liberators, promote Cicero’s vision of the state
Why was Cicero killed?
he was proscribed by the Second Triumvirate
What was the link between Antony’s stepfather and Cicero?
Cicero had executed him as a Catilinarian conspirator
How was the Second Triumvirate different to the First Triumvirate?
it was a formal, legal arrangement
What did the Lex Titia do?
grant the Second Triumvirate imperium over the res publica
What did Octavian demand when he marched on Rome in 43?
the consulship
What happened to Cicero’s corpse?
his head and hands were nailed to the rostra
Where was Cicero killed?
near his villa in Astura
