hbs quiz 4

endocrine system

growth and development, metabolism, reproduction

hormones

chemical messengers that affect target cells — controlling metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress response, and homeostasis.

Pituitary Gland — often called the "master gland."

releases FSH/LH, ADH, growth hormone, oxytocin, prolactin

thyroid gland

releases thyroxin

thymus

immune

pineal gland

release melatonin

pancreas

release insulin and glucagon

adrenal glands

adrenaline, cortisol

ovaries

estrogen/progesterone

testes

testor

insulin and glucagon

regulate blood sugar

FDH/LH

menstrual cycle

ADH

osmoregulation

growth hormone

growth and division

oxytocin

uterine contractions

prolactin

milk production

melotonin

biological clock

thyroxin

metabolic rate

adrenaline

fight or flight

cortisol

stress

estrogen/progesterone

menstrual cycle

testosterone

male hormone

how the endocrine system works

1. Gland releases hormone into the bloodstream.

2. Hormone travels through the blood — reaches cells/organs throughout the body.

3. Only target cells with matching receptors respond.

4. The hormone triggers a cellular response (affect metabolism, growth, stress response, etc.)

5. Many hormone systems use feedback loops (often negative feedback) to regulate hormone levels.

positive feedback loop

causes a system to change further in the same direction.

negative feedback loop

causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

endocrine vs. nervous

Endocrine- hormones are slow and last long nonspecific.

Nervous- Fast, specific.

FSH

causes an egg to mature in the ovary

LH

stimulates the release of the egg at day 14

estrogen

causes the lining of the uterus to grow

proestrogen

maintains the lining of the uterus from days 14-28

ovulation

mature egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube to be fertilized

pregnancy

this event prevents progesterone levels from dropping

bleeding/menses

this even is used to mark the start of the menstrual cycle

ovary

contains the maturing follicles

follicle

contains the maturing egg

corpus lutetium

produces progesterone and estrogen

Na and K chanels

1. neuron at rest, all channels are closed

2. action potential arrives in the axon, sodium channels open and sodium leaks inside the neuron

3. sodium channels close and potassium channels open, potassium leaks outside the neuron

4. sodium/potassium ATPase restores order and moves potassium ions back inside and moves sodium ions back outside. The cell then goes back to resting potential.

ciliary body

muscle that alters the lens

optic nerve

transmits signals from eyes to the occipital lobe

sclera

white outer layer for giving the eye shape and protection

retina

transmits light, focusing it on the retina

tapetum

a reflective layer behind retina for animals' night vision

cornea

transparent layer forming the front of the eye

aqueous humor

gives eye shape and nourishment

iris

colored muscle around pupil that regulates the amount of light that gets in

blind spot

there are no cones or rods there - you cannot see there

pupil

the opening at the center of the iris through which light enters in

myopia

nearsightedness

hyperopia

farsightedness

thalamus

consciousness and alertness

hypothalamus

temperature, thirst/hunger regulation

cerebellum

balance and coordination

corpus callosum

communication between the two lobes

amygdala

"fight or flight" response

hippocampus

long-term memory and navigation

frontal lobe

decision making

occipital lobe

vision

parietal lobe

learning

temporal

hearing/memory

brainstem

homeostasis/reflexes

midbrain-pons-medulla

action potential

1. resting state/potential

2. depolarization

3. repolarization

4. hyperpolarization

5. resting state/potential

type 1 diabets

pancreas stops producing insulin, insulin dependent

type 2 diabetes

body cells become less responsive to insulin