Final Exam A&P for CSD Paramby

abduct

term that means to move away from midline

adduct

term that means to move towards midline

superior

term that means above

inferior

term that means below

frontal plane

plane that divides body into front and back halves

midsagittal plane

plane that divides body into right and left halves right in the middle

sagittal plane

plane that divides the body into right and left halves, parallel to the midsagittal plane (cut into left and right but not directly in the middle)

transverse plane

plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

anterior/ventral

term that means the front of the body

posterior/dorsal

term that means the back of the body

rostral

term that means towards the head (specifically the nose)

superficial

term that means the surface of the body

cranial

term that means the top of the head, near the brain

caudal

term that means towards the tail or bottom of the skull

proximal

term that means a point on a limb that is closer to the point of attachment/trunk

distal

term that means a point on a limb that is further away from the point of attachment/trunk

peripheral

term that means towards the surface (shallow)

deep

term that means away from the surface

prone

body position in which the body is horizontal with face down, on the belly

supine

body position in which the body is horizontal with face up, on the back

lateral

term that means the side

medial

term that means toward the median plane

flexion

term that means bending at a joint

extension

term that means straightening out a joint

plantar

term that means the sole of the foot

palmar

term that means the palm of the hand

thorax

term that means the chest region

abdomen

term that means the belly region

interstitial

term that means the space between organs

origin

the least mobile point of attachment of a muscle

insertion

the mobile point of attachment of a muscle; moves when a muscle contracts

agonist

term that means a muscle that moves structures

antagonist

term that means a muscle that opposes the contraction of agonists

synergists/fixators

term that means a muscle that stabilizes structures

applied anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that applies anatomy to diagnosing and treating

descriptive anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that relates body parts to functional systems

gross anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that studies body parts without a microscope

microscopic anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that studies body parts with a microscope

developmental anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that studies growth and development to birth

comparative anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that studies comparisons across species

pathological anatomy

a sub-specialization of anatomy that studies changes in body parts due to disease

cystology

scientific field related to anatomy that examines cell structure and function

histology

scientific field related to anatomy that studies tissues with a microscope

osteology

scientific field related to anatomy that studies bone structure and function

myology

scientific field related to anatomy that studies muscle form and function

arthrology

scientific field related to anatomy that studies joints

angiography

scientific field related to anatomy that studies blood vessels and lymphatic system

neurology

scientific field related to anatomy that studied diseases of the nervous system

respiratory system

system of speech that provides the energy source for speech production; made up of oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs

phonatory system

system of speech that produces voiced sound; involved in the production of voiced sounds and uses laryngeal structures

articulatory system

system of speech whose structures are used to alter the characteristics of sounds of speech

resonatory speech

system of speech that shapes the oral cavity for production of sounds of speech; made up of the nasal cavity and soft palate and portions of the anatomically defined respiratory and digestive systems

brain and spinal cord

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X Vagus

What innervates the oblique arytenoid muscles?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

What are the four regions of the vertebral column, in order from superior to inferior?

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

trachea

aka windpipe; a tube-like structure that forms part of the respiratory system; extends from the larynx to the bronchi (connects voice box to your lungs)

mainstem bronchus

aka primary bronchi; part of the lungs’ bronchial tree that contains the first two (and largest) branches off the trachea when entering the lungs

secondary bronchus

aka lobar bronchi; part of the lungs’ bronchial tree that contains branches off the mainstem bronchus and delivers air to specific lobes of the lungs

3

The right lung has ____ lobes.

2

The left lung has ____ lobes.

tertiary bronchus

aka segmental bronchi; part of the lungs’ bronchial tree that contains branches off the secondary bronchus and delivers air to specific segments of the lungs’ lobes

bronchioles

aka lobar bronchi; part of the lungs’ bronchial tree that contains branches off the tertiary bronchus and delivers air to alveoli; smaller and more delicate airways

diaphragm

the primary muscle of inspiration; dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs at the base of the rib cage, separating the thorax from the abdomen; does 90% of the work required for breathing; innervated by the phrenic nerve

contracts

To perform inhalation, the diaphragm ________ (relaxes/contracts).

relaxes

To perform exhalation, the diaphragm ________ (relaxes/contracts).

phrenic nerve

Which spinal nerve innervates the diaphragm?

tidal volume (TV)

the volume of air we breathe in during a normal respiratory cycle

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air inspired beyond the tidal volume (more than a normal inhale)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of air that can be expired beyond the tidal volume (more than a normal exhale)

residual volume (RV)

volume remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation

vital capacity (VC)

volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration; the capacity available for speech; around 4,000 mL

made up of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume

VC = IRV + ERV + TV

What is the formula for vital capacity?

functional residual capacity (FRC)

air that remains in the body after a passive inspiration

made up of expiratory reserse volume and residual volume

FRC = ERV + RV

What is the formula for functional residual capacity (FRC)?

total lung capacity (TLC)

the sum of all lung capacities; about 5,100 mL

made up of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

132

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + VR

What is the formula for the total lung capacity?

inspiratory capacity (IC)

volume that can be inspired after tidal expiration; about 3,000 mL

made up of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

IC = TV + IRV

What is the formula for inspiratory capacity?

dead air space

air that cannot undergo gas exchange; includes residual volume

3-5 cm H2O

What is the minimum intraoral and subglottal pressures?

cricothyroid

muscle that is primarily responsible for the change of vocal fundamental frequency

What are the six laryngeal cartilages?