ANATOMY PRACTICAL 2 YOU GOT THIS BOO THANG

adrenal gland slide

pituitary gland slide (hypophysis)

thyroid gland slide

pancreas slide islets of langerhans

ovary follicle slide

What does adrenal gland produce

glucocorticoids-> cortisol, mineralocorticoids -> aldosterone, androgens-> DHEA & androstenedione. medulla-> catecholamines = epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What does the pituitary produce

growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone

what does the thyroid gland produce

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

what causes an enlarged spleen

acute infections like mono, liver disease, cirrhosis, lymphoma.

Where did you see clusters of lymph nodes in the male model

Armpits, head and neck, inguinal, chest

Which of these cluster areas could you feel when examining a patient or athlete?

Head and neck

Which endocrine gland is most close to the spleen?

pancreas

Which endocrine gland is closest to the tonsils?

thyroid gland

endocrine system role in

growth, metabolism, and sexual development

common endocrine system diseases

thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus

hormone classes

lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide (peptide and proteins) hormones.

thymus

adrenal glands

pancreas

pineal gland

thalamus

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

ovaries

anterior pituitary hormones

FSH, LH, TSH, STH, ACTH, and prolactin

posterior pituitary hormones

ADH and oxytocin

pancreas hormones

insulin and glucagon

adrenal gland hormones

aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine

pineal gland hormones

melatonin

ovaries hormones

estrogen and progesterone

Acromegaly

Enlarged hands and feet, excessive sweating, fatigue, muscle weakness, pain, limited joint mobility

Acromegaly lab results

Elevated levels of insulin, like growth factor I

Addison's Disease

Fatigue, increased pigment in the skin, weight loss, muscle weakness

Addison's Disease lab results

Low sodium, high potassium, high ACTH, low cortisol in the blood

Cushings Syndrome

Backache, anxiety, muscle weakness, extra fat deposits on the back of the neck and upper back (aka "buffalo hump"), females may experience irregular menstrual cycle

Cushing's Syndrome lab results

High levels of cortisol in the blood

Diabetes Insipidus

Frequent urination, excessive thirst

Diabetes Insipidus lab results

Normal blood glucose level, no glucose in the urine, low ADH level in the blood

Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive thirst, weak or broken bones, fatigue, nausea

Hyperparathyroidism lab results

High calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in the blood

Hyperthyroidism

Elevated body temp, extreme sweating, nervousness, rapid heart rate, weight loss, irregular menstrual cycle in females

Hyperthyroidism lab results

High thyroxine and low TSH in the blood

hypothyroidism

Fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, weight gain, low body temperature, intolerant of cold

Hypothyroidism lab results

Low thyroxine and high TSH in the blood

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Acne, unwanted hair growth, weight gain, fatigue, infertility, mood changes, sleep problems

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) lab results

Elevated levels of testosterone and LH, low levels of FSH in blood

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss

Type I Diabetes Mellitus lab results

Glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, islet cell antibody in the blood

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Frequent urination, excessive thirst

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus lab results

Glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, no islet cell antibody in the blood

2. Why are blood tests used to diagnose endocrine disorders?

provide important information about the levels of hormones and other substances within the bloodstream.

3. Why is it so important to consider age and sex when diagnosing an endocrine disorder?

hormone production and functions change throughout life. sex hormones vary drastically between males and females.

lymph node microscope

bile salts

produced in liver-> stored in gall bladder

bile salts function

emulsifier= aid in the mixture of oil and water

lipase

enzyme digests triglycerides and other lipids into fatty acids and glycerol digest lipids only at the border between lipid and water (or lipid droplet and water).

where is lipase produced

pancreas

milk when added to acid

more viscous

litmus crystals

blue at basic or neutral pH- pink/red at acidic pH

esophagus slide

stomach slide

duodenum slide

jejunum slide

ilium slide

colon/ large intestine slide

liver slide

pancreas sldie

cuspid teeth function

tear food

bicuspid teeth function

grinding and crushing

molar function

crushing and grinding

incisor function

cutting and tearing food

pyloric canal

pyloric sphincter

pyloric antrum

cardiac region

lesser curvature

body of the stomach

cardiac sphincter

fundus of stomach

left hepatic duct

right hepatic duct

cystic duct

bile duct

pancreatic duct

gallbladder

accessory pancreatic duct

hepatic pancreatic ampulla

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

colon

stomach

hepatic flexure

teniae coli

ascending colon

cecum

transverse colon

appendix

mesocolon