AP World History Unit 1-9 Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the AP World History Modern curriculum (1200-Present)

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for its great wealth, political stability, and artistic innovations. Manufacturing capabilities were the greatest in the world during this period.

Grand Canal

A waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Gunpowder

Spread from China to Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.

Tributes

An arrangement where other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

Neo-Confucianism

A system combining rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Daimyo

Landowning aristocrats that battled for control of land in Japan.

Shogun

Military ruler installed by the Minamoto in 1192 in Japan.

711

Muslim forces invaded Spain.

Umayyad Rule in Córdoba

A climate of toleration in Cordoba, Spain where Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted peacefully.

’A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

Muslim writer known for describing her journey toward mystical illumination.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject.

Chola Dynasty

Dynasty that reigned over southern India for more than 400 years (850–1267).

Bhakti Movement

Movement where Hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about emotion in their spiritual life, emphasizing attachment to a particular deity.

Srivijaya Empire

Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra that built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China.

Majapahit Kingdom (1293—1520)

Buddhist kingdom based on Java that held onto its power by controlling sea routes.

Mississippian society

Society with a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society.

Maya

Civilization known for their city-states, each ruled by a king, and their advancements in astronomy.

Aztecs

Civilization that developed a tributary system and practiced human sacrifices.

Inca

Civilization that was split into four provinces, each with its own bureaucracy, and subject to the mit’a system.

Kin-based networks

Communities formed by people that governed themselves

Zimbabwe

Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.

Ethiopia

Practiced animism and Christianity, and flourished by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa.

Griots

Storytellers, the conduits of history for a community

Feudalism

Provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

Manorial system

Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense and limited the need for trade and contact with outsiders.

Estates-General

A body that advised the king which included representatives from each of the three legal classes

Great Schism

A split where the christian church was broken into two branches, Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

Bourgeoisie

Shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.

Renaissance

A period characterized by revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue.

Humanism

Focus on individuals rather than God.

Emergence of New States

States arise on land once controlled by another empire

Revival of Former Empires

New leadership continues or rebuilds a previous empire with some innovations

Synthesis of Different Traditions

A state adapts foreign ideas to local conditions

Expansion in Scope

An existing state expands its influence through conquest, trade, or other means

The Crusades

Helped pave the way to expanding networks of exchange, as lords and their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East.

Rise of the Mongol Empire

Parts of the Silk Roads that were under the authority of different rulers were, for the first time, unified in a system under the control of an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws.

Flying cash

A system of credit developed to manage the increasing trade in China.

Mongolian soldiers

Strong riders and proficient with the short bow

Batu

Son of Khan’s oldest son who led an army into Russia, conquered Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tributes.

Mongolian Empire

The largest continuous land empire in history.

Genghis Khan policy

Religious tolerance throughout the empire

Spread of Islam

Connected more cities than ever before.

Swahili City-States

Created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Had become famous throughout Europe and Asia by the end of the 8th century C.E.

Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam

Through trade, the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism made their way to Southeast Asia.

Islamic scholars

Chinese inventions that were brought over from Indian and translated into Arabic.

Environmental Degradation

Increases in population put pressure on resources.

The Mongol conquests

Helped to transmit the fleas that carried the Bubonic Plague from southern China to Central Asia, and from there to Southeast Asia and Europe.

Gunpowder Empires

The term that refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

Justices of the peace

Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the counties of England.

Russian Empire

The noble landowning class, the boyars, stood at the top of the social pyramid.

St. Petersburg

Winter Palace designed in a European rather than Byzantine style to show Peter’s admiration of western Europe and its rulers.

Askia the Great of Songhai

Made Islam Songhai’s official religion in an attempt to unite his empire.

Ottoman Architectural and Artistic Achievements

Poets and scholars from across Asia met in coffeehouses and gardens. They discussed works by Aristotle and other Greek writers, as well as the works of many Arabic scholars.

Martin Luther

German monk who concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings.

Indulgences

Granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin.

Simony

The selling of church offices.

The Council of Trent

1545—1563, corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals and improving the education of priests.

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran

Francis Bacon

Developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Johannes Gutenberg

Used the printing press to rapidly produce and disseminate manuscripts.

Sir Isaac Newton

Developed a work on gravitational force called Principia (1687)

Ottoman and Safavid Empires

Used slave soldiers to offset the power of troops who had more loyalty to their tribe or local governor than to the sultan or shah.

Astronomical chart

A map of the stars and galaxies. Mariners relied on these maps to Guide ships’ direction.

Columbus's Voyages

Connected people across the Atlantic Ocean. European traders became go-betweens linking Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

Animals and Foods

Brought new crops and livestock in both directions.

Slave working conditions

Backbreaking working conditions, poor nutrition, lack of adequate shelter, tropical heat, and diseases.

Encomenderos

Compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

Mercantilism

An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.

Indentured Servants

Worked without pay for up to 7 years in domestic work and field work.

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.

The Dutch East India Company

A joint-stock company that was highly successful.

Dutch and English external challenge

Pushed Portugal out of South Asia.

Hindu Marathas internal challenge

Ended Mughal rule.

The Ottoman social system

Was built around a warrior aristocracy that soon began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy with the ulama, who were scholars and experts in Islamic law.

Transoceanic Travel and Trade

The most significant change to the global economy in this period was the integration of the Western Hemisphere into the global trading network.

The Columbian Exchange

Also caused the development of a transoceanic trading network called the Atlantic System.

Age of Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

The Reign of Terror

A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen began.

Army of enslaved Africans and Maroons

Established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.

Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck

Used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.

Spinning Jenny

Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Water frame

Used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.

Eli Whitney

Created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military.

British textile mills

Lancaster textile mills pressed the British government in India to impose an “equalizing” five percent tax on all textiles produced at more than 80 mills operating in Bombay

The developments of the second industrial revolution

Developments were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

Mass production of steel

An alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer Process.

Global Trade Migration Railroads

The construction of railroads, such as the Transcontinental Railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869, facilitated U.S. industrial growth.

The warrior leaders of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires shared many traits besides being Muslims:

They descended from Turkic nomads who once lived in Central Asia.
They spoke a Turkic language.
They took advantage of power vacuums left by the breakup of Mongol khanates.
They relied on gunpowder weapons, such as artillery and cannons.

Muhammad Ali Egypt

Began by remaking the country’s military based on a European model and pushed Egypt to industrialize

corporation

A new way of organizing businesses that arose during the Industrial Revolution to reduce risk.

Culture of consumerism

A culture of consumerism was developed, and living standards increased in Great Britian.

Nationalist Motives for Imperialism

With a strong sense of identity and loyalty to a state, many world powers boldly asserted authority over other territories.

Pseudoscientist

Claimed to have proof of the intellectual and physical inferiority of nonwhite races. Some thinkers adapted Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, creating the theory known as Social Darwinism

Spheres of Influence in China

They had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources

Berlin Conference

A meeting where Europeans established colonial borders that were merely artificial lines that meant little to the people who lived within them.

Monroe Doctrine

States that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere.

The British issued the Proclamation of 1763

This act reserved all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans.

Treaty of Paris

Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States.