BIOCHEM SA1 GR11 T1

Biochem exam had 50 items, all multiple choice

What is biochemistry?

chemical reactions on the molecular level

Structural biochemistry

shape of the molecules

enzymology

how enyzmes speed up reactions

metabolic biochemistry

how cells get energy for building

clinical biochemistry

diagnosing diseases by checking biochemicals

Molecular genetics

how traits are passed on through DNA

Name all biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, fats, nucleic acids

Quickest source of energy for the body

carbohydrates

Carbohydrate structure

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Carbohydrate basic unit

monosaccharides

how many sugars in Disaccharides

2 sugars

how many sugars in oligosaccharides

short chain of 3-10

how many sugars in polysaccharides

long chain

Carbohydrate Functions

provide immediate energy, store energy, cell recognition

What are lipids

diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

Lipid structure

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

examples of lipids

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids

Fatty acids

long chains of carbon and hydrogen

Glycerol

3-carbon alcohol that bonds with fatty acids

Saturated fatty acid description

no double bonds, straight, tightly packed, solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acid description

1 or more double bonds, bend, don’t pack tightly, liquid at room temperature, considered healthier

Lipid functions

long-term energy storage, protection, cell membrane, transport fat-soluble vitamins, hormones

What are proteins description

large complex molecules in charge of most functions in the body

Protein structure

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, made of amino sugars

Protein functions

structural support, transport molecules, immune defense, enzymes, cell signaling

Nucleic Acids structure

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphate, made of nucleotides

Nucleotide structure

Nitrogenous base, sugars, phosphate group

nucleic acids functions

DNA stores genetic information, RNA translates DNA for protein, both are for cell development and function

what are functional groups

small part of molecules that give specific traits

Polarity

distribution of electrical charge in a molecule

Non polar

equal distribution, hydrophobic,

Polar

positive and negative sides, hydrophillic

Significance of polarity

allows molecules to form attractions between different molecules

what is Hydroxyl

makes the molecules polar for hydrogen bonds

What are amino (functional grp)

base for amino acids and proteins

what is carboxyl

acid, has negative charge in water

What is phosphate (functional grp)

creates energy (like ATP); forms DNA/RNA

Oligosaccharides function

cell id tags (found in glycoprotein and glycolipids)

Why are D & L Isomers stereospecific

monosaccharides look similar but are like lock & key; number matters

What are D-isomers

biologically active, for metabolism

What are L-isomers

rare, chemically inactive and not usually metabolized

Glucose

main fuel for body, cellular respiration

fructose

found in fruits, honey, veggies

metabolized in liver

sweetest of natural sugars

galactose

for infant nutrition, converted in liver to form glucose

What is galactosemia

when the body can’t break down galactose due to lack of enzyme GALT

why does galactosemia happen

lack of enzyme GALT (galactose-I-phosphate uridyltransferase)

Effects of galactosemia

damage organs (liver, kidney, brain)

Glycoprotein function

signaling and immune response

glycolipid function

cell recognition, membrane stability

Albumin function

maintain blood osmotic pressure

fibrinogen function

clotting

hemoglobin function

carries oxygen

Universal donor

Blood type O

universal receipient

blood type AB

Agglutination

when we accept a different blood type that our antibodies attack, also clumping

Parts of cell membrane

phospholipid, glycolipids

Phospholipid description

hydrophillic head, hydrophobic tail, amphiphatic bilayer

phospholipid function

flexible, stable, selective barrier