Respiratory Infections & COVID-19 Pathophysiology

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering normal lung defenses, URIs/LRTIs, pneumonia classifications/patterns, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and COVID-19 pathophysiology from the lecture notes.

The mechanism that propels mucus upwards to be coughed out or swallowed is the __.

mucociliary escalator

Alveolar macrophage function can be suppressed by immunodeficiency; an example is __.

HIV/AIDS

Loss of the cough reflex occurs in the __ (elderly, disabled, degenerative, or neuromuscular conditions).

elderly, disabled, degenerative, or neuromuscular conditions

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, and can include __.

laryngitis

Common pathogens for upper respiratory tract infections include influenza A, B, C, Streptococcus pyogenes, and __.

rhinoviruses

Influenza binds to respiratory tract epithelium and, after replication in the nucleus, the virus __ the cell to enter other cells.

exits

In the common cold, fever is usually __.

rare

Lower respiratory tract infections commonly involve the trachea, bronchioles, and lung parenchyma, with pathogens such as RSV, parainfluenza, adenovirus, influenza, pertussis, tuberculosis, and __.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumonia causes inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli with exudate that reduces surface area for gas exchange and leads to __.

consolidation

Pneumonia often presents with sudden onset of fever, rigors, anorexia, headache, and a cough that starts dry and becomes __.

productive

Community-acquired pneumonia in adults is typically __.

bacterial

Community-acquired pneumonia in children is typically __.

viral

Hospital-acquired pneumonia is primarily __.

bacterial

Common bacterial agents in hospital-acquired pneumonia include __ (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia, commonly described as the most prevalent __.

bacterial pathogen

Lobar pneumonia classically affects an entire __.

lobe

Bronchopneumonia involves parts or whole __ and can travel to other areas of the lung.

lung

Bronchopneumonia is characterized by patchy consolidation that starts in the __.

bronchioles

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used in the absence of a __, with more targeted antibiotics used once the agent is identified.

diagnosis

SARS-CoV-2 transmission is via __ fluids.

respiratory

The incubation period for COVID-19 is believed to be __ days (2–14 days).

2-14

SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 receptors on Type II pneumocytes; this impairs surfactant production, leading to alveolar collapse and __.

hypoxemia

ACE2 is expressed on heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver, and the __ tract.

gastrointestinal

The immune response causes vasodilation and increased capillary __, resulting in edema.

permeability

A major complication of COVID-19 is __.

acute respiratory distress syndrome