M3&M4 ComProg

C++ is an extension of

Extension of C

C++ supports _

Supports procedural, object-oriented and generic programming

C++ regarded as _

Coding language regarded as middle level language combines high and low-level language features

C++ developed by

Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup

When was C++ developed?

Developed in 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey

Original name of C++

is C with Classes, later renamed C++ in 1983

Preprocessor directives are

they include the sharp symbol and include pre-written code that you can use to perform specific tasks, they tell the compiler to preprocess the source code before compiling

Comments are

they use the backslash symbol // or backslash with asterisk /* */ to leave notes in the codes that wont affect the code itself

main() function is

it is called the int main()

{ indicates

it is the start of the program

it is the output statement

called the cout or character output

} indicates

it is the end of the program

iostream inclusions

examples: cin, cout

math.h includes

examples: pow, sqrt

define directive

used to define symbolic names and constants

Block Comment

Their purpose is only to allow the programmer to insert notes or descriptions embedded within the source code

using namespace std;

All the elements of the standard C++ library are declared within what is called a namespace, the namespace with the name std (standard).

int main ()

The function named main is a special function in all C++ programs; it is the function called when the program is run. Semi colon is NOT required at the end.

Program statement

A statement is a simple or compound expression that can actually produce some effect.

compound statement,

also called a block, is a group of two or more C++ statements enclosed in braces

return 0;

This defines the exit status of the process or application. It terminates main( )function and causes it to return the value 0 to the calling process

keywords

are reserved words with special meaning in C++.

identifier

a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other user-defined item

variable

known as user-defined identifier. It is a data storage location that has a value, which can change during program execution.

data types

used to tell the variables the type of data it can store

Datatype Modifiers are used

modify the length of data that a particular data type can hold. ex, signed unsigned short long

int is

integer; requires 4 bytes of memory

char is

character, req 1 byte of memory

bool is

boolean, used for storing boolean or logical values. A boolean variable can store either true or false

float is

floating pont used for storing single precision floating point values or decimal values req 4 bytes of memory

double is

double floating point used for storing double precision floating point values or decimal values requires 8 bytes of memory

void

represents a valueless entity or without any value. It is used for those function which does not returns a value

wchar_t is

Wide Character, also a character data type but has a size greater than normal 8 bit datatype. generally 2 or 4 bytes long

global

Outside of all functions, including the main() function

local

Inside the function. Variables in this way are called _ variables and may be used only by statements that are also in the same function

constant

expression that has a fixed value.

constant must be enclosed between _

a character must be enclosed between single quotes

string constant is enclosed by _

it is enclosed by double quotation

Integer numbers

are specified as numerical (whole number) constants without fractional components. No need to write quotes (“) to express a numerical constant.

Operators

symbols that tell the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.

Assignment Operator

gives value to a variable (a single equal sign)

Arithmetic operator

perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and modulus operations.

operator precedence

specifies the order of operations in expressions that contain more than one operator (remember PEMDAS; parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition and subtraction)

compound operators

consist of a binary operator and the simple assignment operator. They perform the operation of the binary operator on both operands and store the result of that operation into the left operand, which must be a modifiable lvalue.

increment operator

is ++, adds 1 to its operand

decrement operator

is —, subtracts 1 from its operand

relational operators

operators that allow the comparison of two or more numerical values, yielding a result based on whatever the comparison is true(1) or false(0).

logical operators

used to combine two or more conditions or to complement the evaluation of the original condition in consideration. The result of the operation of a logical operator is a boolean value either true or false.

bitwise operators

characters that represent actions (bitwise operations) to be performed on single bits, will be turned to binary

& is

bitwise AND

| is

bitwise inclusive OR

^ is

Bitwise exclusive OR

~ is

Unary complement NOT

« is

Shift bits left SHL

» is

Shift bits right SHR

Conditional operators

also called as ternary operators, used to evaluate a condition that's applied to one or two boolean expressions

elements of c++ are

• keywords

• character set

• data types

• identifiers

• operators

primitive data types

built-in/pre-defined data types and can be used directly by the user to declare variables and can be used to present data as characters, integers, floating-point numbers and boolean values

constructor initialization

enclosing the initial value between parentheses

3 places where variables can be stored

• Outside the int main() called global

• inside the function called local

• in the declaration of a formal parameter of a function

input and output (I/O) operators are used

take input and display output

extraction (»)

operator used for taking the input or get from operator

insertion («)

operator used for displaying the output, put to operator

iostream

standard input and output stream objects are declared

screen

standard output by default, cout

keyboard

standard input by default, cin

getline()

• a standard library function in C++ and is used to read a string or a line from input stream.

• takes the stream (cin) as first argument, and the string variable as second.

Type Conversion

process of converting one predefined type into another.

Implicit

automatic type conversion. performed by the compiler without programmer's intervention.

type casting

The explicit conversion of an operand to a specific type