Cultural Globalization, Culture Types, and Power Dynamics

What is cultural globalization?

The circulation and sharing of ideas, meanings, and values across countries and cultures.

How does cultural globalization affect social contacts?

It increases social contacts and contributes to greater human interconnectedness.

What is culture?

Culture is produced by humans to make and share meaning about what they do, feel, think, and believe.

What are the two main types of culture?

High culture and low culture.

Define high culture.

The dominant elitist form of culture associated with literature and fine arts, often linked to those with greater socioeconomic power.

Define low culture.

The way of life shared by the majority across social backgrounds, including national cuisines, sports, and popular music.

Who introduced the concept of cultural capital?

Pierre Bourdieu.

What are the three forms of cultural capital according to Bourdieu?

Embodied culture, objectified culture, and institutionalized culture.

What does the static view of culture emphasize?

It treats culture as fixed and clearly identifiable, focusing on scientific and descriptive interpretation.

Who is associated with the static view of culture?

Edward Burnett Tylor.

What does the dynamic view of culture focus on?

It understands culture as dynamic and concerned with meaning, focusing on interpretation rather than description.

Who is associated with the dynamic view of culture?

Clifford Geertz.

What is cultural essentialism?

The understanding of culture as static and bounded, often overlooking the diversity and dynamism of cultures.

What does intersectionality describe?

The interplay between power, culture, class, ethnicity, and gender.

Who coined the term intersectionality?

Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1991.

What are the three types of culture according to Williams?

Dominant culture, residual culture, and emerging culture.

What is tangible culture?

Visible or practical aspects of culture, such as cuisine and religious rituals.

What is intangible culture?

Less visible beliefs, myths, ideologies, aspirations, and projections.

How does globalization affect cultural interactions?

It intensifies social interactions across cultures, producing both similarities and differences.

What is glocalization?

The interaction of global influences with local contexts.

What is cultural hybridity?

The mixing and interaction of cultural forms, especially important in postcolonial perspectives.

What is McDonaldization?

The spread of American fast-food chains as a form of tangible cultural globalization.

What does deterritorialization refer to?

The movement of culture and cultural expressions outside their original physical environments.

What is the relationship between globalization and cultural practices?

Globalization can reinvigorate local cultural practices, especially when perceived as a threat.

What does the term 'Westernization' often refer to in cultural globalization?

The perception that Western cultural products and economic power dominate global culture.

What is an example of cultural dominance mentioned in the text?

Japanization of Korean culture and Russianization of Armenia and the Baltic Republics.

Define culture.

A shared system for making and communicating meaning.

What distinguishes high culture from low culture?

High culture refers to elite/dominant cultural forms like fine arts, while low culture represents the popular way of life shared by the majority.

What is cultural capital?

Cultural resources connected to socioeconomic background and education, which can be embodied, objectified, or institutionalized.

What does embodied cultural capital refer to?

Accent, skills, and habits incorporated in the individual.

What is objectified cultural capital?

Cultural goods or possessions.

Define institutionalized cultural capital.

Formal qualifications.

Explain intersectionality.

The interaction of power, culture, class, ethnicity, and gender.

What is dominant culture?

Current powerful cultural structures and practices.

Define residual culture.

Older patterns that still influence the present.

What is emerging culture?

New cultural ideas and practices.

What does glocalization mean?

Global influences interacting with local culture.

Define cultural hybridity.

The mixing and interaction of cultural forms.

What is deterritorialization?

Culture moving beyond its original geographic setting.

What is reterritorialization?

When a migrant culture becomes part of the local culture.

Define mass culture.

Shared behaviors, ideas, and values produced through common exposure to the same media.

What is a lingua franca?

A language used for communication across different language groups.

How does globalization affect imagination and identity?

Global mass media empower imagination by presenting multiple ways of living, but can also disconnect individuals from reality.

Why is English considered a global language?

It serves as the modern world lingua franca, with only about one in four users being a native speaker.

What are the effects of globalization on linguistic diversity?

It can reduce linguistic diversity but has not eliminated multilingualism.

Why are indigenous languages important?

They carry biocultural knowledge about local environments and contribute to identity.

How can cultural globalization both increase and decrease interconnectedness?

It can create new connections while also leading to cultural homogenization.

What is the key final idea regarding globalization and culture?

Globalization moves between universalizing tendencies and localizing tendencies.

What memory trick is associated with Tylor?

FIXED culture.

What does E-O-I stand for?

Embodied, Objectified, Institutionalized.

What does Crenshaw's concept of intersectionality refer to?

The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender.