Micro AHHHH

Capsule

Protects the bacterial cell from the immune system and desiccation.

Pili (fimbriae)

Hair-like structures that allow bacteria to attach to surfaces or other cells.

Flagella

Tail-like structures used for bacterial movement.

Monotrichous

Single flagellum on a bacterium.

Amphitrichous

One flagellum at each pole of a bacterium.

Lophotrichous

Tuft of flagella at one pole of a bacterium.

Peritrichous

Flagella all over the surface of a bacterium.

Endospore

Dormant, highly resistant structure that allows bacteria to survive extreme conditions; not used for reproduction.

Obligate aerobe

Microbe that requires oxygen to survive.

Obligate anaerobe

Microbe that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

Facultative anaerobe

Microbe that can grow with or without oxygen but prefers oxygen.

Microaerophile

Microbe that requires low levels of oxygen to grow.

Fermentation

ATP production without oxygen; less efficient than respiration.

Aerobic respiration

Produces the most ATP per glucose molecule (≈36–38).

Anaerobic respiration

Produces ATP using alternative electron acceptors; less efficient than aerobic respiration.

Helicase

Enzyme that unzips the DNA double helix during replication.

Primase

Enzyme that lays down RNA primers for DNA polymerase.

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands from a template.

RNA polymerase

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Carbohydrates

Main short-term energy storage molecules (glucose, glycogen).

Lipids

Long-term energy storage molecules (fats).

Proteins

Structural and enzymatic macromolecules in the cell.

esther

bacterial membrane lipids have ____ bonds linking glycerol to fatty acids.

ether

archaea membrane lipids have _____ bonds linking glycerol to isoprenoids, which makes them more stable in extreme conditions.

Methanogens

Archaea that produce methane gas as a byproduct of their metabolism, often found in swamps, marshes, and animal guts.

Halophiles

Archaea that thrive in extremely salty environments, such as salt lakes and salt mines.

Psychrophiles

Archaea that grow best in very cold environments, such as polar ice or deep ocean waters.

carbon

building block of life

isomers

molecules made of the same atoms but different arrangements (ex. glucose, galactose, and fructose)

hydrolosis

a water molecule is added to break the bond. polymer → monomer

dehydration synthesis

a water molecule is removed to form a new bond. monomer → polymer

1:2:1

carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio for carbohydrates

monosaccharide

glucose is a ____

disaccharides

transportable sugars

polysaccharides

starch, cellulose, and glycogen are ______

fatty acids

chain of hydrocarbons (C-H) with carboxyl group at the end (COOH)

fat

glycerol with three fatty acids attached'; triglyceride

saturated

fat where every carbon is bonded two at least two hydrogens, and all bonds are single bonds

unsaturated

fat where one or more pairs of carbon atoms are bound through a double bond.

polyunsaturated

fat with multiple double carbon bonds

phospholipid

triglyceride with glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group

amino acid

carboxyl group (COOH), amino group, (NH2) hydrogen atom, and a functional side group

20

How many amino acids are there?

R group

What makes amino acids different?

helix and pleated

two secondary structures caused by amino acids bonding to other amino acidspr

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

tertiary structure

hydrophobic exclusion, nonpolar functional groups into the protein. ionic bonds repel certain regions apart. 

Proteomic analysis

the study of all accumulated proteins of an organism

tRNA

covalently bound to an amino acid

pentose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

nucleotide components

mRNA

carries code

tRNA

transports amino acids

rRNA

structural and catalytic

snRNA

edits pre-mRNA

miRNA

regulates translation

SRP RNA

helps ribosomes attack to ER