Thẻ ghi nhớ: 2019 reading actual test 6 | Quizlet

legend /ˈledʒ.ənd/

a traditional story that may not be true According to legend, tea was discovered by Emperor Shen Nung.

renowned /rɪˈnaʊnd/

famous and respected Shen Nung was a renowned herbalist.

herbalist /ˈhɜː.bəl.ɪst/

someone who uses plants for healing The emperor was a renowned herbalist.

infusion /ɪnˈfjuː.ʒən/

a drink made by soaking leaves/herbs He tried the infusion made by accident.

established /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃt/

made officially accepted or known Tea became firmly established in China.

imperial sponsorship

support by a royal government Tea received almost instant imperial sponsorship in Japan.

spread rapidly

became popular quickly Tea spread rapidly through society.

lag behind

be slower than others Europe lagged behind China in tea culture.

commercial import

goods brought into a country to sell Tea became a commercial import to Europe.

encroach on

gradually take over someone else's space The Dutch encroached on Portuguese trade routes.

consignment /kənˈsaɪn.mənt/

a shipment of goods The first consignment of tea arrived in Holland.

fashionable /ˈfæʃ.ən.ə.bəl/

stylish or popular at the time Tea became fashionable among the Dutch.

suspicious of

having doubts or mistrust Britain was suspicious of continental trends.

monopoly /məˈnɒp.əl.i/

exclusive control over trade The East India Company had a monopoly.

curiosity /ˌkjʊə.riˈɒs.ə.ti/

something strange or interesting Tea was still a curiosity in Britain.

transaction of business

a business activity Coffee houses were used for transaction of business.

punitive system

harsh system (e.g. tax) The price of tea was due to a punitive taxation system.

unforeseen consequence

an unexpected effect Smuggling was an unforeseen consequence of tax.

smuggling /ˈsmʌɡ.lɪŋ/

illegal trade of goods Tea smuggling increased due to high taxes.

adulteration /əˌdʌl.təˈreɪ.ʃən/

lowering quality by adding bad substances Adulteration made tea unsafe.

slashed the tax

drastically reduced taxes The Prime Minister slashed the tea tax in 1784.

affordable /əˈfɔː.də.bəl/

reasonably priced Tea became affordable for everyone.

impetus /ˈɪm.pɪ.təs/

something that encourages action The end of the monopoly gave new impetus to tea growing.

cultivation /ˌkʌl.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

the process of growing plants Cultivation of tea started in Assam, India.

false start

an unsuccessful beginning Early tea nurseries suffered from false starts.

nursery /ˈnɜː.sər.i/

a place where young plants are grown The nursery was destroyed by cattle.

usher in

to begin a new era or process This ushered in the era of tea clippers.

clipper /ˈklɪp.ər/

a fast, old sailing ship Tea clippers were used to ship tea quickly.

free-for-all

a situation with no control Tea trade became a free-for-all.

sleek /sliːk/

smooth, elegant in appearance Clippers had sleek designs and tall sails.

viable /ˈvaɪ.ə.bəl/

able to work successfully The Suez Canal made steamships viable for tea trade.

navigation /ˌnæv.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/

the process of finding the way to get to a place GPS is a modern form of navigation.

outdated /ˌaʊtˈdeɪ.tɪd/

no longer current or accurate Outdated maps can make GPS unreliable.

navigate in three-dimensional space

find one's way in the real world (not just on a map) Humans can still navigate in three-dimensional space.

navigational rubric

a personal or mental set of rules for finding one's way She used her own navigational rubric to return.

orient oneself

to position yourself or understand your position in relation to your surroundings Tourists often struggle to orient themselves in a new city.

path integration

a strategy of tracking your own movements to find the way back Ants use path integration to return home.

route following

navigating by following a set of given directions step by step Route following is the most precise method of navigation.

guidance /ˈɡaɪ.dəns/

the use of visual landmarks to direct navigation The MetLife building provided useful guidance.

prominent landmark

a well-known or easily visible structure She used a prominent landmark to guide her path.

gestured (southward)

pointed or motioned to indicate direction He gestured southward toward the station.

cumulative progress report

a mental summary of your total movement Path integration builds a cumulative progress report.

faithful to (an inner homing vector)

committed to following an internal direction The ant stayed faithful to its homing vector.

successively larger loops

wider and wider circles made while searching for a location The insect moved in successively larger loops to find home.

sense of time passing

awareness of how much time has gone by We navigate partly with a sense of time passing.

memorable junctures

significant or noticeable points on a journey Street signs and smells can be memorable junctures.

intermediate points

places passed between the start and destination Route-following requires remembering intermediate points.

routine memory lapses

forgetting things in a normal, everyday way Route following is vulnerable to routine memory lapses.

homing vector

the internal sense of direction and distance to return somewhere Some animals rely only on their homing vector.

backtrack

go back the same way you came If lost, she had to backtrack to a familiar place.

cognitive system /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/

mental processes related to thinking and understanding The brain's cognitive system helps us navigate.

cognitive map

a mental representation of spatial layout We all use a cognitive map to find familiar places.

hierarchical structure

an organized system with levels The brain stores navigation in a hierarchical structure.

undo (by memory lapses)

to cancel or ruin the success of something Her route-following strategy was undone by forgetfulness.

meander /miˈæn.dər/

wander without a fixed path I meandered through the streets of Manhattan.

semantic habits

typical ways a person uses and interprets language Her unique semantic habits made her writing style stand out.

infinite regress

a situation where each explanation requires a further explanation without end Defining words using more words can lead to infinite regress.

reaction pattern

a way of responding that follows a mental or emotional habit His angry outburst was just part of his reaction pattern.

operational definition

a definition based on what one does rather than what one says Scientists prefer an operational definition of terms like weight.

verbal definitions

meanings expressed through spoken or written words Verbal definitions are common in dictionaries.

symbolically endowed

given meaning or value through cultural or mental associations A flag is symbolically endowed with national pride.

semantic reaction

an emotional or psychological response to a word or symbol Her semantic reaction to the insult was immediate.

collapse of our government

the breakdown of a political system If the collapse of our government occurred, currency would lose value.

systems of symbols

structured sets of signs or representations with meaning Language is a system of symbols used to convey ideas.

manufacturing symbols

the human ability to create signs or symbols to represent concepts Only humans are capable of manufacturing complex symbols.

social mechanisms

the structures or processes in society that maintain order and meaning Social mechanisms maintain the value of symbols like money.

underpins the integrity

supports and strengthens the foundation Semantics underpins the integrity of communication in society.

reasonably similar to

close or nearly the same as His views are reasonably similar to the majority opinion.

regarded as

considered to be Those with unique ideas are often regarded as creative.

get into a run-around

become stuck in a confusing or repetitive situation Kids often get into a run-around trying to define abstract words.

as if

used to describe an imagined or possible situation People act as if words have absolute meanings.

observing how people act

watching human behavior to understand meaning We learn the value of money by observing how people act with it.