muscle & nervous basic definitions

3 kinds of muscle ?

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

2 kinds of connective tissue ?

fat, fascia

3 kinds of muscle attachment ?

tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

neuron ?

nerve cell

dendrite ?

conducts impulses received from other neurons towards neuron body

axon ?

conducts impulses to other neurons/effector organs away from neuron body

synapse ?

when axons meet with another neuron at a junction

telodendron ?

what the end of an axon branches into

neurotransmitter ?

tiny sacs of chemicals released into narrow synaptic space when nerve impulse reaches telodendron

3 unique physical characteristics of neurons ?

don’t reproduce, limited regeneration capability, require lots of oxygen,

what is required to make dendritic and axonic processes sometimes regenerate ?

if neuron body is intact

3 main divisions of nervous system ?

central, peripheral, autonomic

3 parts of brain-

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

2 areas in brain & spinal cord ?

gray & white matter

gray matter ?

Areas containing accumulations of neuron
bodies

white matter ?

Areas containing large accumulations of nerve
fibers

cerebrum ?

largest most rostral part of brain, made of 2 large lateral hemispheres separated by a cleft

systems of folds increasing cerebrum surface area ?

gyri

systems of grooves increasing cerebrum surface area ?

sulci

inner portion of cerebrum ?

medulla

outer layer of cerebrum ?

cerebrum cortex

what matter does the medulla consist of ?

white

what matter does the cerebrum cortex consist of ?

gray

what is the purpose of the cerebrum ?

higher learning & intelligence

what is the function of the cerebrum ?

perception, maintaining
consciousness, thinking&reasoning,
initiation of responses to sensory stimuli

where is the cerebellum ?

caudal to cerebrum

what matter does the inner medulla consist of ?

white matter

what matter does the cerebellar cortex consist of ?

gray

what is the function of the cerebrum ?

coordinate, adjust, and
fine-tune movements
directed by
cerebrum

what is the brainstem ?

most primitive part of brain

purpose of brainstem ?

attaches the cerebrum, cerebellum
and spinal cord

function of brainstem ?

maintains the vital functions of the body
controls respiration, body
temperature, heart rate, gastrointestinal tract
function, blood pressure, appetite and thirst, and
sleep-wake cycles

spinal cord definition

caudal continuation of the brainstem

where is gray matter in spinal cord ?

central area

where is white matter in spinal cord ?

outer cortex

where do spinal nerves exit and enter the spinal cord ?

between each set of vertebrae

purpose of spinal nerves

carries information to and from the
peripheral portion of the nervous system

what does peripheral nervous system consist of

cordlike nerves that run throughout the
body

what are nerves ?

bundles of axons that carry impulses
between the CNS (central nervous system) and the
rest of the body

4 kinds of nerves

sensory, motor, cranial, spinal

sensory nerves

carry only information toward the
CNS

Motor nerves

carry only instructions from the CNS
out to the body

Spinal nerves

Originate as two roots – dorsal root, ventral root
on either side of the spinal cord
• These two roots form the spinal nerve when
combined

what kind of nerves are most nerves ?

a mix of both cranial and spinal

spinal nerves main function

supply nerves to the striated
muscles

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
contain?

spinal nerves that carry sympathetic
nerve fibers

Spinal nerves from the sacral region carry?

parasympathetic nerve fibers

how many pairs of cranial nerves ?

12

excitablilty

responds to stimulus like a nerve impulse

contractibility

shorten when stimulated

extensibility

stretch when pulled

elasticity

returns to original shape & length after contraction or exhaustion

what are muscles made of

cells held together by connective tissue

what happens when a signal/impulse travels down nerve to muscle?

muscle fiber changes the chemical energy into mechanical energy, result is muscle contraction

what muscle controls outward leg movement ? (away from midline)

trapezius

what muscle controls movement of the humerus ?

latissimus dorsi

what muscle keeps hips aligned and stable during movement ?

gluteal muscles

what is the shoulder muscle

deltoid

what muscle flexes the elbow joint and is located in the forelimb ?

bicep

what muscle is the “hamstring group” ?

semitendinosus

what muscle extends the hip and flexes the leg ?

semimembranosus

what kinds of substances does circulatory system transport thruout body ?

cells, antibodies,
nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, metabolic wastes and
hormones

what are the 2 main divisions of the circulatory system ?

lymphatic & blood vascular

what is blood composed of ?

fluid and cellular portions

what is the fluid portion of blood ?

Plasma

what does plasma do when removed from blood vessels ?

clot

what gives plasma its
clotting factors ?

Fibrinogen

what is the cellular portion of blood composed of ?

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

which blood cells are the planes, trains and
cars that move oxygen and other substances
from place to place

RBCs

what is another name for RBCs

Erythrocytes

what is another name for WBCs

Leukocytes

what is another name for platelets

Thrombocytes

which blood cells are the military vehicles
that are prepared for battle when needed

WBCs

what are the paramedics
(EMTs) or first responders to the scene when
there is an injury to a vessel wall ?

platelets

what is the circulatory system responsible for ?

movement of
blood and everything that blood carries through
the animal’s body

what does the circulatory system consist of ?

the heart, all the blood vessels,
and all the blood itself

what causes the circulatory system to not be static ?

the heart

what is carried by blood that is
contained within the structures of the
cardiovascular system to every living cell in the
animal’s body?

Electrolytes, waste materials, nutrients, hormones,
antibodies and drugs

function of arteries

carry blood away from the heart

function of veins

carry blood towards the heart

Capillaries

the transition between arteries
and veins

“fluid connective tissue” of circulatory system

blood

“tubes” of circulatory system

vessels

“pump” of circulatory system

heart

3 kinds of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, veins

where are the arteries

Large near the heart and gradually branch into
smaller and smaller blood vessels as they spread
throughout the body

other function of capillaries

Permit substances to move freely between the
extracellular fluid and blood

basic purpose of most of the blood vascular system?

deliver blood to the capillaries, where nutrients,
waste products, gases, hormones and other
substances can be exchanged

what material are capillaries made of

endothelium

what happens in capillaries?

nutrients,
waste products, gases, hormones and other
substances can be exchanged

how does waste blood get to the heart

CO2
and waste filled blood
passes first into small
venules and then into the
veins for a return trip to the
heart

function of one-way vein valves ?

help to propel
blood back toward the heart

2 parts of cardiovascular system

pulmonary (lung) circulation and the
systemic (body) circulation

systemic circulation in simple terms

Blood moves from the heart to the body tissues and
back to the heart

function of aorta (largest artery)

originates from the left
ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood to
various body tissues

which vein opens into the right
atrium of the heart ?

vena cava

largest vein in the animal’s body

vena cava

pulmonary circulation in simple terms

Blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back to
the heart again

pulmonary circulation in complex terms

The pulmonary artery carries carbon dioxide rich
blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
for oxygenation
• The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the left atrium of the heart

what is the heart

Muscular two-way pump that propels blood around
the body and receives it back