other studies supporting levels of processing

Cermak and Reale

found similar pattern in patients with anterograde amnesia, suggesting that the levels of processing effect are present even when overall memory is impaired

murphy and brown

Examined five-year-old children and found that questions about category membership or whether a picture was "nasty or nice" led to better memory performance than questions about the main color in the picture.

smith and winograd

Presented faces and asked whether the person had a big nose (shallow) or looked friendly (deep). Results showed better memory performance for the "friendly" judgment.

Wagner and colleagues

Scanned participants' brains as they studied words.

They found stronger brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal areas for words that were later remembered, suggesting deeper processing.